ANTH1220 Week 13

How were the Kayapo affected by globalization?

They have been fighting encroachment on their lands for logging, ranching, mining, and dams since the 1970s. Brazil was gonna make a dam on the Xingu River, awaiting funding by the World Bank, but the Kayapo spoke out against it. The loan was then deferred. However, the balance of global economic power has shifted since the 2010s, now China was funding the dam

What were the phases of theorizing about global relationships?

Phase 1: Cold War, a period of time when every nation was aligned to one of the two powers: US vs. USSR. There were modernization vs. dependency theories. Phase 2: Post Cold War, there was a breakdown of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd world system. There was a lot of change and instability, triumph of neoliberalism, lots of social movements

Modernization theory

A Cold War theory that assumed problems in the former colonies were growing pains. Economic turmoil was seen as necessary for social development. The key to economic success was the imitation of practices of 1st world nations

Dependency theory

Latin Americans theorized that no amount of imitation would ever help former colonies become successful, because they had no colonies of their own

World-System theory

Developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, says that the world-system is an ECONOMIC system rather than a POLITICAL one. The system was divided into core, periphery, and later semi-periphery. The core was made up of europeanpowers, US, Australia, banking, finance was entered here. They exploited the periphery

Globalization

The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa

What did Arjun Appadurai say about the world-system?

He doesn’t think that there is much “system” in the world-system

What did Jonathan Friedman say about the world-system?

He thinks that the lack of “system is a sign of the breakdown of the Western global hegemony

What did Immanuel Wallerstein say about the world-system?

He thought that the system was on its way out

What are the five “scapes” of globalization that Arjun Appadurai identified?

Ethnoscapes, Technoscapes, Ideoscapes, Financescapes, and Mediascapes

Ethnoscape

The flow of people across boundaries. Refers to migrants and refugees, but also tourists. Tourism relationships can be economically beneficial, but can also be seen as ignorant/disrespectful. Tourism is one the fastest growing commercial sectors globally, it puts people from different parts of the world, who would normally never encounter one another into close contact

Technoscape

The flows of technology. Regarding the Apple iPhone, people line up for the latest iPhone. High demand makes for an intense production process, labour conditions are poor and revenue affects international distribution of wealth

Ideoscape

The flows of ideas, includes social media, and missionaries in the Amazon

Financescape

The flows of money, it has been going on for centuries but in recent years it has accelerated dramatically

Mediascape

The flow of media across borders, it used to take weeks or months for news to travel from one place or another. But now the invention of the telegraph, phone, and internet has changed our lives

Cultural imperialism

The global spread of images, people, things, and ideas during the Cold War. People assumed that western cultures would dominate other cultures. The problem with this theory is that it assumes non-westerners have no agency

Glocalization

The adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms. People can pick and choose how they adopt things.

What is the glocalization of McDonalds?

McDonalds slightly varies around the world. Here McDonalds is fast food, but McDonalds in China was seen as a snack rather than a meal

What is the glocalization of Traditional Ecuadorian weavers?

It became a cool cultural item to have in the west. So they got a loto of demand. They organized small firms and bought TVs to entertain weavers. Women were encouraged to weave and purchased cookers to reduce time in the kitchen. Increased exposure to advertising and news

What are the advantages of globalization?

Mediascapes increased awareness of social injustices elsewhere. Lots of protests and social media campaigns. Support for victims of humanitarian crises and disasters are made possible through new technologies in the technoscape. New ethnoscapes allow people to volunteer their labour in disaster zones

What are the disadvantages of globalization?

Climate change, epidemic disease (COVID-19, AIDS). Neoliberalism has been a double edged sword. Increased inequality has made people vulnerable to radicalization. Xenophobia, racism, sexism, and homophobia are on the rise for people searching for scapegoats for economic woes

What did globalization and neoliberalism do to Jamaica?

Foreign vegetables are worth less than local vegetables. Free trade made Jamaica poorer and dependant