Greek Grammar and Vocabulary Practice

A comprehensive set of vocabulary and grammar flashcards based on Greek Lessons 1-6 covering the alphabet, nouns, verbs, and linguistic significance of specific linguistic features.

$$\text{Article of Previous Reference}$$

A function of the Greek article (like $\text{ἡ}$) to mark a previous reference to the same noun, such as identifying a specific type of faith mentioned earlier.

$$\text{Transliteration}$$

The process of writing one language phonetically using the letters or characters of another language.

\text{Sigma (\sigma/\varsigma)}

The letter used at the beginning or middle of a word (\text{\sigma}), and at the end of a word (\text{\varsigma}).

$$\text{Double Consonants}$$

Letters that represent two sounds: \text{\theta} (th), \text{\xi} (ks), \text{\phi} (ph), \text{\chi} (ch), and \text{\psi} (ps).

$$\text{Hard Gamma pronunciation}$$

While typically a hard 'g', \text{\gamma} is pronounced like 'n' when placed before \text{\gamma}, \text{\kappa}, \text{\xi}, or \text{\chi}.

$$\text{Iota Subscript}$$

The letter iota written underneath \text{\alpha}, \text{\eta}, or \text{\omega} where it remains unpronounced.

$$\text{Diphthong}$$

A combination of two vowels pronounced as a single sound, such as \text{\alpha\iota} (aisle) or \text{\omicron\upsilon} (soup).

$$\text{Diaeresis}$$

Two dots placed over the second vowel of a potential diphthong to indicate they should be pronounced as separate sounds.

\text{Smooth Breathing mark (\dot{\alpha})}

A mark on a word-initial vowel that indicates no change in pronunciation.

\text{Rough Breathing mark (\dot{\alpha})}

A mark on a word-initial vowel indicating an 'h' sound should be added to the beginning.

\text{Acute accent (\acute{\alpha})}

A mark that can be placed on any of the last three syllables of a word to indicate emphasis.

\text{Grave accent (\grave{\alpha})}

An accent mark that appears only on the last syllable of a word.

\text{Circumflex accent (\hat{\alpha})}

An accent mark that can only be placed on the last two syllables of a word.

$$\text{Nominative Case}$$

The case used for the subject of a verb, answering the question 'who?'.

$$\text{Genitive Case}$$

The case expressing possession or relationship, often translated with the word 'of'.

$$\text{Dative Case}$$

The case used for the indirect object, often translated with 'to' or 'for'.

$$\text{Accusative Case}$$

The case used for the direct object of the verb, answering the question 'what?'.

$$\text{Vocative Case}$$

The case used for direct address to someone or a group.

$$\text{Subjective Genitive}$$

A grammatical function where the genitive noun acts as the subject of the verbal idea contained in the head noun.

$$\text{Parsing}$$

The process of identifying all grammatical elements of a word, such as its lexical form, gender, case, and number for nouns.

$$\text{Active Voice}$$

A verb voice indicating that the subject is performing the action.

$$\text{Middle Voice}$$

A verb voice indicating that the subject both performs and is affected by the action.

$$\text{Passive Voice}$$

A verb voice indicating that the subject receives the action rather than performing it.

$$\text{Middle-only verbs}$$

Verbs that only possess middle voice forms, often describing fields of activity where the subject is inherent to the action.

$$\text{Indicative Mood}$$

A mood representing an action as factual, certain, or asserted.

$$\text{Subjunctive Mood}$$

A mood representing an action as probable, contingent, or indefinite.

$$\text{Optative Mood}$$

A mood representing an action as possible or hoped for.

$$\text{Imperative Mood}$$

A mood representing an action as requested or commanded.

$$\text{Imperfective Aspect}$$

A viewpoint depicting the action as ongoing or in process without regard for its beginning or end.

$$\text{Perfective Aspect}$$

A viewpoint depicting the action as complete or as a whole.

$$\text{Stative Aspect}$$

A viewpoint depicting a state of affairs resulting from a previous action.

$$\text{Copulative Verb}$$

A verb like $\text{εἰμί}$ that joins words and takes a predicate nominative instead of a direct object.

$$\text{Predicate Nominative}$$

A noun in the nominative case that makes an assertion about the subject nominative.

$$\text{Historical Present}$$

The use of the present tense in historical narratives to describe past events, typically to segment the story.

$$\text{Connecting Vowel}$$

A vowel that alternates between omicron (before \text{\mu} and \text{\nu}) and epsilon (before other letters) in verb endings.

$$\text{Augment}$$

The epsilon (\text{\epsilon-}) prefix added to imperfect forms to indicate past time.

$$\text{Crasis}$$

The merger of two words into a single word, such as \text{\kappa\alpha\acute{\iota}} and \text{\epsilon\gamma\acute{\omega}} becoming \text{\kappa\dot{\alpha}\gamma\acute{\omega}}.

\text{\dot{\alpha}\gamma\acute{\alpha}\pi\eta}

love

\text{\gamma\tilde{\eta}}

earth, land, ground

\text{\zeta\omega\acute{\eta}}

life

\text{\phi\omega\nu\acute{\eta}}

voice, sound

\text{\dot{\alpha}\lambda\acute{\eta}\theta\epsilon\iota\alpha}

truth

\text{\dot{\alpha}\mu\alpha\rho\tau\acute{\iota}\alpha}

sin

\text{\beta\alpha\sigma\iota\lambda\epsilon\acute{\iota}\alpha}

kingdom, reign

\text{\delta\acute{\omicron}\xi\alpha}

glory, majesty

\text{\epsilon\kappa\kappa\lambda\eta\sigma\acute{\iota}\alpha}

congregation, assembly, church

\text{\dot{\eta}\mu\acute{\epsilon}\rho\alpha}

day

\text{\kappa\alpha\rho\delta\acute{\iota}\alpha}

heart

\text{\delta\acute{\epsilon}}

and, but, now

\text{\kappa\alpha\acute{\iota}}

and, even, also

\text{\mu\acute{\epsilon}\nu}

on the one hand, indeed

\text{\dot{\alpha}\delta\epsilon\lambda\phi\acute{\omicron}\varsigma}

brother

\text{\dot{\alpha}\nu\theta\rho\omega\pi\omicron\varsigma}

man, human being, husband

\text{\theta\epsilon\acute{\omicron}\varsigma}

God

\text{\kappa\acute{\omicron}\sigma\mu\omicron\varsigma}

world, universe, adornment

\text{\kappa\acute{\upsilon}\rho\iota\omicron\varsigma}

Lord, master, sir

\text{\lambda\acute{\omicron}\gamma\omicron\varsigma}

word, message, account

\text{\nu\acute{\omicron}\mu\omicron\varsigma}

law, principle

\text{\omicron\dot{\upsilon}\rho\alpha\nu\acute{\omicron}\varsigma}

heaven, sky

\text{\upsilon\iota\acute{\omicron}\varsigma}

son, descendant

\text{X\rho\iota\sigma\tau\acute{\omicron}\varsigma}

Christ, Messiah, Anointed One

\text{\epsilon\rho\gamma\omicron\nu}

work, deed

\text{\epsilon\dot{\upsilon}\alpha\gamma\gamma\acute{\epsilon}\lambda\iota\omicron\nu}

good news, gospel

\text{\dot{\iota}\epsilon\rho\acute{\omicron}\nu}

temple, sanctuary

\text{\sigma\eta\mu\epsilon\tilde{\iota}\omicron\nu}

sign

\text{\tau\acute{\epsilon}\kappa\nu\omicron\nu}

child, son, descendant

\text{\epsilon\dot{\iota}\mu\acute{\iota}}

I am, exist

\text{\dot{\alpha}\kappa\omicron\acute{\upsilon}\omega}

I hear, listen to, obey

\text{\gamma\iota\nu\omega\sigma\kappa\omega}

I know, understand, acknowledge

\text{\gamma\rho\acute{\alpha}\phi\omega}

I write

\text{\epsilon\chi\omega}

I have, hold

\text{\lambda\acute{\epsilon}\gamma\omega}

I say, speak

\text{\lambda\alpha\mu\beta\acute{\alpha}\nu\omega}

I take, receive

\text{\lambda\acute{\upsilon}\omega}

I loose, destroy

\text{\pi\iota\sigma\tau\epsilon\acute{\upsilon}\omega}

I believe, have faith/trust in

\text{\dot{\alpha}\pi\omicron\kappa\rho\acute{\iota}\nu\omicron\mu\alpha\iota}

I answer, reply

\text{\gamma\acute{\iota}\nu\omicron\mu\alpha\iota}

I become, come, exist, am born

\text{\dot{\epsilon}\rho\chi\omicron\mu\alpha\iota}

I come, go

\text{\pi\omicron\rho\epsilon\acute{\upsilon}\omicron\mu\alpha\iota}

I go, travel

\text{\dot{\alpha}\lambda\lambda\acute{\alpha}}

but, yet, nevertheless

\text{\dot{\omicron}\tau\iota}

that, because

\text{\dot{\alpha}\gamma\omega}

I lead, bring

\text{\beta\lambda\acute{\epsilon}\pi\omega}

I see, look at

\text{\delta\iota\delta\acute{\alpha}\sigma\kappa\omega}

I teach

\text{\dot{\epsilon}\gamma\epsilon\acute{\iota}\rho\omega}

I raise up

\text{\kappa\rho\acute{\iota}\nu\omega}

I judge, condemn

\text{\mu\acute{\epsilon}\nu\omega}

I remain, abide, dwell

\text{\upsilon\pi\acute{\alpha}\gamma\omega}

I go away, depart

\text{\delta\omicron\tilde{\upsilon}\lambda\omicron\varsigma}

slave

\text{\theta\acute{\alpha}\nu\alpha\tau\omicron\varsigma}

death

\text{\psi\upsilon\chi\acute{\eta}}

soul, life

\text{\omega\rho\alpha}

hour

\text{\epsilon\dot{\iota}}

if, whether

\text{\epsilon\dot{\iota}\tau\epsilon}

if, whether

\text{\kappa\alpha\theta\acute{\omega}\varsigma}

as, just as, even as

\text{\omega\varsigma}

as, like

\text{\beta\alpha\pi\tau\acute{\iota}\zeta\omega}

I baptize, immerse, dip

\text{\theta\epsilon\rho\alpha\pi\epsilon\acute{\upsilon}\omega}

I heal

\text{\kappa\rho\acute{\alpha}\zeta\omega}

I cry out

\text{\dot{\alpha}\gamma\gamma\epsilon\lambda\omicron\varsigma}

angel, messenger