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Epidermis
The outermost layer of skin, composed of several layers of cells including keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells located in the stratum basale that can give rise to specialized cell types, including keratinocytes.
Keratinocyte
The primary type of cell found in the epidermis that produces keratin, a protein that helps protect skin and other tissues.
Melanocyte
A type of cell in the stratum basale that produces melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.
Stratum basale
The deepest layer of the epidermis, consisting of a single layer of cells primarily made up of keratinocytes and where stem cells are located.
Stratum spinosum
The layer of the epidermis above the stratum basale, known for its several layers of keratinocytes connected by desmosomes.
Desmosome
A type of cellular junction that holds adjacent cells together, providing strength and stability in tissue.
Stratum granulosum
The layer in the epidermis that consists of 3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes, marking the transition from living to dead cells.
Stratum corneum
The outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead, flattened keratinized cells that are continuously shed.
Hypodermis
Also known as subcutaneous tissue, this layer lies beneath the dermis, composed of adipose and areolar tissue, providing insulation and energy storage.
Melanin
The pigment produced by melanocytes that determines skin color and provides some protection against UV radiation.
Erythema
Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow, often occurring with inflammation or exercise.
Cyanosis
A bluish tint to the skin indicating oxygen deficiency in the blood.
Albinism
A genetic condition resulting in a lack of melanin, leading to milky white skin and blue-gray eyes.
Carotene
A yellow pigment found in carrots and other colorful vegetables that can affect skin color.
Dermal papillae
Finger-like projections from the dermis that interdigitate with the epidermis, enhancing the grip and forming fingerprints.
Hair follicle
A tunnel-like structure in the skin where hair grows, characterized by a bulb and root surrounding the hair shaft.
Lanugo
Fine, unpigmented hair that develops in the fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy.
Terminal hair
Thicker, longer hair that is usually pigmented, found on the scalp, eyelashes, and areas subjected to hormonal influence.
Cuticle
The outer layer of the hair shaft composed of overlapping scaly cells that help protect the hair.
Ethnic variations in skin color
Differences in skin pigmentation due to varying amounts of melanin produced by melanocytes in different populations.
Avascular
Referring to tissues, such as the epidermis, that do not contain blood vessels.
Vascular
Referring to tissues, such as the dermis, that are supplied with blood vessels.
