Unit 5- Motivation and Emotion

key words and phrases from chapter 5 of the textbook what is psychology? Pastorino and doyle-portillo

motive

a tendency to desire and seek out positive incentives or rewards and to avoid negative outcomes

instincts

innate impulses from within a person that direct or motivate behavior

drive reduction theories

theories of motivation that propose that propose seek to reduce internal levels of drive

drive

an uncomfortable internal state that motivates us to reduce this discomfort through our behavior

primary drives

drives that motivate us to maintain homeostasis in certain biological processes in the body

homeostasis

an internal state of equilibrium in the body

negative feedback loop

a system of feedback in the body that monitors and adjusts our motivation level so as to maintain homeostases

secondary drives

learned drives that are not directly related to biological needs

self determination theory

a theory of motivation that proposes that as we pursue the fulfillment of the of basic needs, we experience different types of motivation that come from both the self and the outside word

incentives

goals or desires that we are motivated to fulfill

intrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from within the person

extrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from outside the person

hierarchy of needs

Maslows theory that humans are motivated by different needs, some of which take precedence over others

maslows hierarchy of needs, most immediate to highest

physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self actualization needs, transcendence

set point

a particular weight that our body seeks to maintain

ghrelin

a hunger stimulating hormone produced by the stomach

glucose

the form of sugar that the body burns as fuel

glycogen

a starchy molecule that is produced from excess glucose in the body, it can be thought of as the bodys stored energy reserves

insulin

a hormone produced by the pancreas that facilitates the movement of glucose from the blood into the cells of the body

cholecystokinin

a hormone released by the small intestines that plays a role in hunger regulation

leptin

a hormone released by fat cells in the body that plays a role in hunger regulation

lateral hypothalamus (lh)

a region go the hypothalamus once thought to be the hunger center in the brain

neuropeptide y

a powerful hunger stimulant

ventromedial hypothalamus (vmh)

a region if the hypothalamus that plays an indirect role in creating a feeling of satiety

overweight

having a body mass index of 25-29.9; (bear in mind bmi is absolute 💩 that doesnt account for fat distribution, muscle mass, non white people, non men, etc. and is NOT an indication of health!! ❤ the creator of these flashcards)

obesity

having a body mass index of 30 or over; (bear in mind bmi is absolute 💩 that doesnt account for fat distribution, muscle mass, non white people, non men, etc. and is NOT an indication of health!! ❤ the creator of these flashcards)

resting metabolic rate

the rate at which we burn energy in our bodies when resting

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternately binges on large quantities of food and then engages in some inappropriate compensatory behavior to avoid weight gain

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person has an intense fear of gaining weight, even though they are actually underweight, this irrational fear motivates the person to lose unhealthy amounts of weight through self starvation

binge eating disorder (bed)

an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, as in bulimia nervosa, but without regular use of compensatory measures to avoid weight gain

sexual desire

ones motivation and interest in engaging in sexual activity

sexual arousal

a heightened state of sexual interest and excitement

libido

ones physical desire, or drive, to have sex

estrus

in most mammals, a period of ‘being in heat’ in which the female is receptive to males attempts to mate with her

ovaries

the organs in a females body that produce ova (eggs)

testosterone

a male hormone that plays a role in many aspects of sexuality, including sexual desire

testes

the organs in a makes body that produce both sperm and testosterone

erogenous zones

areas of the skin that sensitive to touch

excitement phase

the first stage of the sexual response cycle, in which males get erections and females produce vaginal lubrication

plateau phase

the second stage of the sexual response cycle, in which excitement peaks

orgasm phase

the third stage of the sexual response cycle, in which the pelvic and anal muscles contract

resolution phase

the final stage of the sexual response cycle, in which the body returns to homeostasis

refractory period (sexuality)

a time during the resolution phase in which males are incapable of experiencing another orgasm or ejaculation

sexual orientation

ones sexual attraction for members of the same and/or other sex

heterosexuals

people who are sexually attracted only to members of the other sex

homosexuals

people who are sexually attracted only to members of the same sex

bisexuals

people who are attracted to members of both sexes

homophobia

prejudicial attitudes against homosexuals and homosexuality

emotion

a complex reaction to some internal or external event that involves physiological reactions, behavioral reactions, facial expressions, cognition, and affective responses

affective component of emotion

the subjective experience of what you are feeling during the emotion

james lange theory

a theory of emotion that defines an emotion as a unique pattern of physiological arousal

cannon bard theory

a theory of emotion that states that emotions originate in the brain not the body

facial feedback hypothesis

a theory that states that our emotional state is affected by the feedback our brain gets from facial muscles

two factor theory of emotion

a theory that states that emotions result when we cognitively interpret our physiological reactions in light of the situation

cognitive meditational theory

a theory of emotion that states that our cognitive appraisal of a situation determines what emotion we will feel in the situation

mere exposure effect

the idea that the more one is exposed to something, the more one grows to like it

basic emotions

a proposed set of innate emotions that are common to all humans and from which other higher order emotions may derive

display rules

cultural rules governing when it is and isnt appropriate to display certain emotions

what did William James believe about motives?

they tend to be inborn instincts

what plays a role in shutting hunger off and on?

liver cells, hormones, fat cells, and glucoreceptors in the hypothalamus