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Archaeology

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The systematic, scientific study of the human past based on the investigation of material culture in its context

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Culture

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A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions

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37 Terms

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Archaeology

The systematic, scientific study of the human past based on the investigation of material culture in its context

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Culture

A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions

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5 W’s

Where, When, Who, What, & Why?

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Finding sites

Survey methods (pedestrian, test pitting), geophysical survey (sonar, resistivity) and aerial reconnaissance, remote sensing

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Excavation

Team based, led by a director, Specialists work with excavators

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Archaeobotanist

Studies plant remains

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Archaeozoologist

Studies animal remains

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Bioarchaeologist

Study ancient biomolecules

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Geoarchaeologist

Studies ancient sediments

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Vertical emphases

address questions regarding change through time

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Horizontal emphases

address questions regarding spatial differentiation across a site

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Stratigraphy

layers of cultural and natural materials accumulate one on top of another (law of superposition). Reveals sequence of deposition

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Context

The in situ location and associations (3D) of finds

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Artifacts

Portable objects made or altered by humans

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Ecofacts

Natural plant, animal, or sediment remains resulting from human activity

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Features

Non-portable structures (houses, walls, fireplaces)

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Landscape Arch

Site and settlement patterns, spatial distribution of rooms, sites, group of sites

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James Ussher

1650, determined that the Earth was created on the nightfall before Sunday Oct 23 40004 BECAUSE

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1600-1700s

Realization of vast scales of space allowed acceptance of vast scales of time

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James Hutton

“Theory of the Earth,” formation of sedimentary rock suggested great antiquity of Earth

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Uniformitarianism

James Hutton, The laws of nature are constant and do not change with time, the rate of sedimentation in oceans is very slow, due to the thickness of deposition, the world is old

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Charles Lyell

Principles of Geology, documented antiquity of the Earth with work on eriosion

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Superposition

Belief that the bottom layer of sediment is the oldest

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Charles Darwin

Origin of Species, natural selection, Discussed gradual evolutionary change in plant and animals (not humans)

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Jacques Boucher de Perthes

recovered extinct animals in the Somme River Valley, first association of stone tools w early humans

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John Lubbock

Coined the terms Paleolithic and Neolithic in “Prehistoric Times,” applied Darwinism concepts to the archaeological record, saw moral and technological progress as inevitable and unlinear

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Three Age System (Stone, Bronze, Iron)

Developed by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen

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Christian Jurgensen Thomsen

Curator of the National Museum of Denmark, arbitrary technological labels

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19th Century view of Social Evolution

Progress is inevitable

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Foragers/Hunter-gatherers

Savages, starving, ignorant, superstitious, & violent

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Basic Farming

Barbarians, less starving, ignorant, superstitious, & violent

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Complex societies

Civilized, orderly, moral, wealthy, sophisticated, reasonable

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Processual Archaeology

Objective, Evolutionary and scientific perspective, seeks universal laws of social change, sees societies as systems with environment and technology as most significant variables

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Post-Processual Archaeology

subjective, part of general trends towards postmodernism, often more particular and less universal in scope, explicit recognition of political context of archaeology, focus on role of individuals, not systems in the past

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Dating Methods

Establish a sequence of change, pace of change, and allow correlation with other phenomena

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Absolute Dating

Provide a date such as (3500 B.C), can be expensive, historical texts

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Relative Dating

Provides a sequence but not the pace of change (ex older younger), used in conjunction with absolute techniques