Population and Demographics Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to population distribution, migration patterns, demographic transition models, and policies affecting fertility rates.

What does population distribution refer to?

The pattern of where people live across the world, which is uneven due to factors like climate, water access, and job opportunities.

What does population density indicate?

How crowded a place is, with high density areas facing competition for housing, transport, and jobs.

Why are populations low in deserts, mountains, and the Arctic?

Because farming, building, and transport are more difficult in these regions.

What factors contribute to the growth of coastal regions?

Ports support trade and jobs, leading to increased foreign investment and infrastructure.

What defines a core region?

A core region has strong services like schools and hospitals, with concentrated power and wealth.

What characterizes a periphery region?

A periphery region has fewer services, lower wages, and weaker infrastructure, leading to migration of young adults.

What are common push factors for internal migration?

Harsh environments, poor services, and limited job or education access.

What are typical pull factors for internal migration?

Higher salaries, universities, safety, hospitals, and better infrastructure.

What is the most common flow of internal migration?

Rural-to-urban migration.

What are positive impacts of rural migration?

Less strain on services and remittances supporting households.

What are negative impacts of rural migration?

Ageing populations, school closures, and declining housing markets.

What does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) illustrate?

It shows how countries develop demographically, including death and birth rate changes.

What occurs in DTM stage 2?

Death rates drop quickly, birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth.

What characterizes DTM stage 4?

Both birth and death rates are low, with small families and high life expectancy.

What does DTM stage 5 signify?

Fertility drops too low for too long, leading to a shrinking future labor supply.

What does Total Fertility Rate (TFR) indicate?

The number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

What is the replacement fertility rate?

A TFR of 2.1 that keeps population levels stable.

How do sex and gender differ?

Sex refers to biological differences while gender is a social construction.

What are impacts of gender inequality?

It affects fertility, health, job access, and rights, often leading to early marriage and reduced schooling for girls.

What does a dependency ratio tell us?

It indicates the ratio of workers to dependents, with lower ratios being more sustainable.

What opportunities do ageing populations present?

They can help with childcare, volunteering, and strength in leisure markets.

What challenges do ageing populations face?

Higher pension costs, expensive healthcare, and increased pressure on younger workers.

What is the aim of pro-natalist policies?

To encourage births to balance future workforce needs.

What are benefits of pro-natalist policies?

Stabilizing labor replacement and creating a larger future tax base.

What drawbacks can pro-natalist policies have?

Increased resource use and potential sustainability risks.

What is the focus of anti-natalist policies?

To reduce fertility through education and family planning.

What benefits are associated with anti-natalist policies?

Reduced youth dependency and longer female workforce participation.

What drawbacks exist for anti-natalist policies?

Future demographic tax and potential for market contraction.

What does human trafficking involve?

Forced migration or exploitation for labor or organs, violating human rights.

What are the impacts of human trafficking?

Forced relocation to core regions and skewed labor patterns.

What is the purpose of a Lorenz curve?

To show income or resource inequality.

What does core-periphery migration theory explain?

Why internal migration tends to favor core regions.

What role does microfinance play?

It provides low-interest small loans to stimulate job creation in rural areas.

What were key decisions in Thailand’s demographic dividend success?

Making family planning accessible, investing in female education, and job growth planning.

Why was Thailand's approach effective?

It included rural populations and allowed citizens to choose adoption.

What should you start with when analyzing infographics?

Describe the pattern using abbreviations, avoiding confusion.

What should you focus on after describing the pattern in infographics?

Explain the causes of the pattern rather than just listing numbers.

What impacts should you discuss when analyzing infographics?

Both positive and negative impacts related to the data.

What is an important step to conclude infographic analysis?

Provide real-world examples and discuss future implications in a justified conclusion.