whap vocab

Marattas

A group of Indian warrior clans who challenged Mughal power in the 17th and 18th centuries, leading to the weakening of the empire.

Ormuz

A strategically important Persian Gulf port that was a center of trade in the Safavid Empire.

Goa

A coastal city in India that became a Portuguese colony and key center of trade and missionary activity.

Batavia

The capital of the Dutch East Indies, located on the island of Java, and a major port in Southeast Asia.

Middle Kingdom

A term used by the Chinese to refer to themselves, signifying their belief in their central and superior role in the world.

Macao

A Portuguese colony in China, used as a key trading post between China and Europe.

Canton

A major port city in China, vital for trade with Europeans, especially in the 18th century.

Cohong/Compradors

Merchant groups in China who controlled trade between Chinese and foreign merchants, particularly during the Qing Dynasty.

Francis Xavier

A Jesuit missionary who played a key role in spreading Christianity in Asia, particularly in India and Japan.

Edo

The former name for Tokyo, which was the seat of the Tokugawa Shogunate and a center of political and economic power.

Deshima

A small artificial island in Japan, where Dutch traders were confined during the period of Sakoku (Japan's self-imposed isolation).

School of National Learning

A Japanese intellectual movement that emphasized the study of Japan's own culture and history, in contrast to foreign influences like Confucianism.

Manchu

An ethnic group from Manchuria who founded the Qing Dynasty in China, ruling from the 17th to the 20th century.

Old Regime

The political and social system in France before the French Revolution, characterized by the absolute monarchy and the division of society into three estates.

First Estate

Clergy

Second Estate

Nobility

Third Estate

Commoners (peasants, urban workers, bourgeoisie)

Taille

A direct tax on land or property, levied by the French monarchy on the Third Estate.

Relics of feudalism

Outdated feudal obligations and practices that were remnants of the Middle Ages and were often criticized during the French Revolution.

Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

The King and Queen of France during the French Revolution. They were eventually executed by the revolutionaries.

National Assembly

The revolutionary assembly formed by the Third Estate in France, which later declared itself the official government of France and led the early stages of the Revolution.

Storming of the Bastille

A symbolic event in the French Revolution (1789), where revolutionaries stormed the Bastille, a prison, marking the beginning of widespread unrest.

Great Fear

A period of panic and riot by peasants in France in 1789, fearing retribution from the nobility, which led to attacks on noble estates.

Olympe de Gouges

A French playwright and political activist who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, advocating for women's rights during the French Revolution.

Jacobins

A radical revolutionary political club during the French Revolution, associated with Maximilien Robespierre and the Reign of Terror.

National Convention

The governing body that replaced the National Assembly during the French Revolution, responsible for abolishing the monarchy and establishing the First French Republic.

Robespierre

A leading figure in the Jacobin club, he was a key architect of the Reign of Terror and later executed during the Thermidorian Reaction.

Conscription

The forced enlistment of men into the military, introduced by the revolutionary government to defend France during the Revolution.

Reign of Terror

A period (1793-1794) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed as suspected enemies of the revolution, led by Robespierre.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

A former slave and leader of the Haitian Revolution, he helped establish Haiti as the first independent black republic.

Directory

The government of France between 1795 and 1799, which was marked by corruption and inefficiency, leading to its overthrow by Napoleon.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution, becoming Emperor of France and expanding French territories before his eventual defeat.

Coup d'etat

The overthrow of a government, typically by a small group or military. Napoleon staged one in 1799, ending the French Revolution and establishing his rule.

Concordat of 1801

An agreement between Napoleon and the Pope that restored the Catholic Church's role in France, while maintaining religious tolerance.

Civil Code (Napoleonic Code)

A legal code introduced by Napoleon that influenced legal systems worldwide, emphasizing equality before the law and property rights.

Grand Empire

The vast territories controlled by Napoleon at its height, stretching from Spain to Russia, before his eventual defeat.

Trafalgar

The Battle of Trafalgar (1805) was a naval battle where the British fleet, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, decisively defeated Napoleon's navy.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of economic warfare aimed at isolating Britain by closing European ports to British trade.

Scorched Earth Policy

A military strategy used by the Russians during Napoleon's invasion, where they burned crops and villages to deny resources to the invading French.

Waterloo

The battle in 1815 where Napoleon was defeated by an allied force, marking the end of his rule and his exile to Saint Helena.

Flying shuttle → Power loom

Technological innovations in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution, which greatly increased production capacity.

Domestic, putting out, or cottage system

A method of production in which workers produced goods in their homes, typically with raw materials provided by merchants.

Factory system

A system of manufacturing that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, where workers operated machinery in large-scale factories.

Spinning Jenny → Spinning Mule

Machines that revolutionized the textile industry, increasing the speed and efficiency of spinning fibers into yarn.

James Watt

An inventor and engineer who improved the steam engine, making it a key source of power in the Industrial Revolution.

Luddites

A group of English workers who protested against industrialization by destroying machinery, fearing job loss and poor working conditions.

Rocket/Stephenson

George Stephenson's locomotive, The Rocket, which revolutionized transportation by rail in the early 19th century.

"Workshop of the world"

A term used to describe Britain during the Industrial Revolution, when it was the dominant global manufacturer.

Romanticism

A cultural movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature, reacting against the rationalism of the Enlightenment.

"Second" Industrial Revolution

A period in the late 19th century marked by the development of new industries, such as steel, electricity, and chemicals, and innovations like the internal combustion engine.

Suez Canal

A man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, completed in 1869, which facilitated trade between Europe and Asia.

Panama Canal

A canal across the Isthmus of Panama, completed in 1914, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and facilitating global trade.

Faraday/von Siemens/Tesla/Edison

Inventors and scientists whose contributions to electricity and electromagnetism played key roles in the development of modern industry and technology.

Cartels

Large corporations or associations of businesses that work together to control markets, set prices, or reduce competition.

Krupp, Schneider, Vickers-Armstrong, US Steel

Major industrial companies that dominated sectors like steel production and arms manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution.

Internal combustion engine

An engine that burns fuel inside the engine itself, revolutionizing transportation with cars, airplanes, and other vehicles.

Captains of industry

A term for successful industrialists and entrepreneurs during the Industrial Revolution, often seen as responsible for economic growth.

Peterloo Massacre

The 1819 massacre of protesters demanding parliamentary reform in Manchester, England, resulting in widespread condemnation.

Corn Laws

Laws in Britain that imposed tariffs on imported grain, protecting domestic farmers but raising food prices for consumers.

Reform Bill of 1832 (+1867, 1884, 1918, 1928)

A series of British reforms that expanded suffrage and reformed parliamentary representation, gradually increasing democratic participation.

Chartist Movement

A working-class movement in Britain during the mid-19th century that called for political reforms, including universal male suffrage.

John Stuart Mill

A philosopher and political economist who advocated for individual liberties, utilitarianism, and women's rights.

Classical liberalism

A political ideology advocating for individual rights, limited government, free markets, and the rule of law.

Social legislation/reform

Laws and policies aimed at improving social conditions, particularly for the working class, such as labor laws and welfare programs.

Tory=conservative

A political party in Britain that traditionally supported monarchy and aristocracy.

Whigs=liberal

A political party in Britain that supported parliamentary reform, the expansion of individual rights, and more democratic government.

Utopian socialism

A form of socialism that envisions the creation of ideal societies based on cooperation, equality, and harmony.

Karl Marx

A philosopher and economist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto, advocating for the overthrow of capitalist systems and the establishment of a classless society.

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, urging workers to rise up against the bourgeoisie.

Das Kapital

Karl Marx's seminal work on political economy, analyzing the capitalist system and its inherent contradictions.

Bourgeoisie v. proletariat

In Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie are the capitalist class (owners of the means of production), while the proletariat are the working class (sell their labor).

Dictatorship of the proletariat

A concept from Marxism, where the working class temporarily rules society to suppress the bourgeoisie and establish socialism.

Limited liability corporations

A type of business structure where the owners' personal assets are protected from business liabilities.

United Fruit Company

A large American corporation involved in the banana trade in Central America, associated with the exploitation of local workers.

HSBC

A British multinational banking and financial services company, originally founded to serve the growing trade between Hong Kong and China.

Creoles

People of European descent born in the Americas, often with significant social and political power in colonial societies.

Simón Bolívar

A Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in the independence of South America from Spanish rule.

José de San Martín

An Argentine general and leader of the South American independence movement who helped liberate parts of South America from Spanish rule.

Gran Colombia

A short-lived republic in South America that included parts of modern-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.

United Provinces of Río de la Plata

The region that would become Argentina after gaining independence from Spain.

Dom Pedro I

The first Emperor of Brazil, who declared independence from Portugal in 1822.

Caudillos

Military or political leaders in Latin America who often rose to power through force and maintained authority through personal charisma and patronage.

Centralists v. Federalists

The political struggle in early Latin American republics over whether power should be centralized in a strong national government or decentralized to regional governments.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy (1823) asserting that European powers should not interfere in the Americas, marking the Western Hemisphere as the U.S. sphere of influence.

Manifest Destiny

The belief in the 19th century that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Ghost Dance

A Native American religious movement in the late 19th century that predicted the return of ancestors and the restoration of Native cultures, viewed as a threat by U.S. authorities.

Porfirio Díaz

A Mexican general and politician who ruled Mexico as a dictator from 1876 to 1911, during a period of rapid industrialization and social unrest.

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

A conference of European powers to redraw national boundaries and restore the pre-Napoleonic order after Napoleon's defeat.

Decembrist Revolt (1825)

A failed uprising by Russian army officers demanding reforms after the death of Tsar Alexander I, leading to the harsh repression of reformers.

Crimean War (1853-1856)

A war fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia, primarily over control of Crimea and the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

Zemstvos

Local government bodies in Russia, established after the emancipation of the serfs, aimed at managing local issues like education and healthcare.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A rail network connecting European Russia with the Russian Far East, completed in the early 20th century, enhancing Russian control over Siberia.

Anarchism

A political theory that advocates for a society without a state, often through revolutionary means. Prominent in 19th-century Europe.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Russian socialist movement, led by Lenin, that seized power in the 1917 October Revolution.

Revolution of 1905

A wave of mass political and social unrest in Russia, leading to the creation of the Duma, a parliamentary body.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

A conflict between Russia and Japan over territorial control in East Asia, ending in a decisive Japanese victory.

Duma

The Russian parliament created after the Revolution of 1905, though it had limited power under the tsars.

Kulaks

Wealthier peasants in Russia who were targeted during the Soviet collectivization process.

Dutch Studies

The study of Western science and culture in Japan during the Edo period, influenced by the Dutch.

Matthew Perry

U.S. naval officer whose expeditions led to the opening of Japan to the West in the 1850s.