Bio 202 Lecture Exam 1 review (endocrine, blood)

What is a hormone? 

chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that travel through your bloodstream to control different parts of your body.

Compare and contrast the endocrine system and the nervous system. Make sure you understand the differences between a neurotransmitter and a hormone. 

The nervous system sends fast electrical and chemical signals along specific pathways, while the endocrine system releases chemical hormones into the blood for slower, widespread effects

three types of intercellular communication pathways that enable the body to maintain homeostasis. 

local signaling (paracrine and autocrine), nervous system signaling (synaptic), and endocrine signaling (hormonal)

What does the “lock and key system refer to?

• The Lock (Enzyme): A large biological protein that contains a specific pocket or groove called an active site.

• The Key (Substrate): The specific molecule that enters the active site of the enzyme to undergo a chemical reaction.

Compare and contrast the functionality of free vs. protein bound hormones in the plasma (bloodstream).

Compare and contrast the functionality of free vs. protein bound hormones in the plasma (bloodstream).

Define negative feedback and describe its role in regulating blood levels of the various hormones.

A negative feedback loop is a self-regulating biological process where the final output or response of a system counteracts, slows down, or stops the initial stimulus to maintain stability and balance (homeostasis)

Compare and contrast the processes of down regulation and up regulation.

Upregulation increases the quantity, production, or sensitivity of cellular components (like receptors, proteins, or gene expression)

Downregulation decreases the quantity, production, or sensitivity of cellular components (such as receptors or RNA)

the three ways that endocrine reflexes can be triggered.

humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neural stimuli.

roles of releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones in the hypothalamus. 

act as the master control signals that direct the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate or suppress the secretion of vital body hormones.

What exactly are neurosecretory cells? Where exactly are they found?  

Neurosecretory cells are specialized neurons that translate electrical neural signals into chemical hormones

List AND describe the products of the follicular cells and the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. 

The follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin as well as the active thyroid hormones thyroxine (

T4T sub 4

𝐓𝟒

) and triiodothyronine (

T3T sub 3

𝐓𝟑

), while the parafollicular cells produce calcitonin.

List AND describe the major metabolic effects of thyroid hormone. Make sure to include which tissues are being affected! 

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) increase the basal metabolic rate, regulate energy production, and control fuel metabolism across almost all major organ systems in the body.

What are the major hormones (and their associated functions) of the adrenal cortex? This one should take you some time! You will have to know the hormones AND the effects of the hormones produced by the: 

1. Zona glomerulosa 

2. Zona fasciculate 

3. Zona reticularis 

The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamine hormones—primarily epinephrine and norepinephrine—that drive your body's rapid fight-or-flight response during stressful situations

What are the major hormones (and their associated functions) of the adrenal medulla? 

epinephrine and norepinephrine fight or flight response.

Explain the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes- No insulin Type 2 diabetes- too much insulin