Bio 11 Unit test 1

What is an organism?

An individual animal, plant or single celled life form. Can be unicellular or multicellular

Cellular activity

Ex. DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis, breaking down food and transporting nutrients and wastes

Autotroph and heterotroph

Both organisms. Autotroph are producers, ex. Plants or bacteria

Heterotroph are consumers, ex. Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores

What is a cell?

The smallest possible form of life.

What are cells made of?

Organelles

What are tissues made of? Are they made of multiple different types of cells?

They are made of cells, one type of cell

What are organs made of? Why are they important? Give some examples

Made of different types of tissue, organized into a larger structure with one function. Heart, lungs, liver, etc.

What is an organ system? Examples?

Groups of organs that have related functions, ex. Circulatory system, cardiovascular system, etc.

Unicellular organisms have cell specialization. True or False? Why?

False, because all cell functions are handled by one singular cell, no diversity is required or existent.

What is the purpose of water as one of an organism’s needs?

Helps organisms with cellular activity:

(5) DNA replication, cell division, protein synthesis, breaking down food, transporting nutrients/waste

What is the purpose of nutrients as one of an organism’s needs?

helps organisms grow

What is the purpose of a space to live as one of an organism’s needs?

-provides area for organisms to get food/water and shelter

-organisms will compete for space as it is limited

What is the purpose of air as one of an organism’s needs?

-plants and animals need O2 for cellular respiration

-plants need CO2 for photosynthesis

What are the 4 mandatory things organisms need?

Air, water, space to live, nutrients

Why do plants need nutrients? Why do plants need both nutrients and energy?

Nutrients like phosphorus help with plants growth for roots, flowers and healthy cells. The energy made in photosynthesis is like fuel (food) and the nutrients are building blocks.

Name all 8 of the characteristics of life

All organisms: are made of cells, maintain homeostasis, use energy, reproduce, pass down traits, grow, respond to stimuli, evolve/change over time

Unicellular

Simple, single celled organism like bacteria

Multicellular

complex, made of many cells (animals and plants, etc)

Homeostasis, example

Ability to regulate internal conditions despite environmental (temperature) changes

ex. People sweat to cool down when their environment heats up

ATP full name. What is it and what does it do?

A cell’s energy currency. Full name: Adenosine triphosphate. Powers daily functions and repairs or replaces damaged cells

Sexual reproduction

2 parents produce generically diverse offspring

Asexual reproduction

1 parent creates clones of themselves as offspring

Stimulus

Any activity that cues a response

Examples of internal and external stimulus

Internal: Hunger and thirst, responds with finding food and water

External: Bright (lights) responds with more awake, sounds responds with more aware and alert

Natural selection

Process where organisms with advantageous traits will survive and pass traits down to offspring

Prokaryote

A simple, single celled organism with no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. ALL bacteria are prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Complex organisms, make up most of living things. Can be BOTH uni or multi cellular. Has membrane bound organelles

Unicellular organism with reference to cell specialization

NO cell specialization. One cell carries out all functions required

Multicellular organisms with reference to cell specialization

Go through cell differentiation to develop unique appearances that suit their function

Cell differentiation vs cell specialization

Differentiation is the process, specialization or specialized cells are the result

3 examples of cell specialization and their specialized appearance

Neuron (nerve cell)-long and thin for the purpose of message sending

red blood cell-flat disks for surface area and easy fit and flow through blood vessels

sperm cell-strong and obvious tail for quick swimming, distinct head for entering egg cell

Cell differentiation

The result of gene expression, a process where a gene is switched on or off causing the creation of different proteins

Stem cells

Can become any type of cell because they haven’t gone through differentiation yet. Used to repair damaged organs and cure certain diseases.

Adaptation

A characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. Includes structures and behaviours.

5 examples of adaptations (from notes)

Snake-smell w tongue

Kangaroo-large ears to hear predators

Spider-easily sense vibrations in the ground

Monkey-opposable thumbs for grasp

Leopard-teeth designed for eating meat

Elephant-large tusks for defence

What did Aristotle believe about species?

All plants and animals were placed on earth at its beginning and none have ever changed

What is Lamarcks opinion on whether or not life has changed over time? What does he believe happens?

He believes it has, but due to heavy use and development of the trait or characteristic, then the acquired characteristic passed down to offspring

Which scientist disproved Lamarck’s Theory with an experiment?

August Weismann, with an experiment cutting off the tails of 20 generations of mice

What are the 2 parts of Lamarcks Theory

The Law of Use and Disuse, Inheritance of acquired characteristics

What is Darwin’s Theory?

Evolution happens because of natural selection

What are the 4 mandatory conditions for natural selection to occur?

Struggle for survival

Inheritable variation

Variation of fitness

Lots of time

Why is struggle for survival important?

Too many animals in environment so the unadvantageous traits are removed (die) and the advantageous proceed and pass down the good traits

Why is variation within a population important?

More variation of traits, more chance of advantageous traits

Why is variation of fitness important?

The fittest will survive and pass down the good traits

Why is time important for natural selection?

Slow gradual changes result in most or all of population having the advantageous traits

Evolution

Process of gradual changes, over several generations, where organisms change some of their physical or behavioural characteristics

Speciation

Formation of a new, different or distinct species due to evolution

When are species considered distinct?

When the offspring they produce are infertile

What are the 3 types of evolution?

Divergent, convergent and coevolution

What is convergent evolution?

When 2 or more species have traits with the same function but have different ancestors. Often due to similar environments

Divergent evolution

When 2 or more species with the same common ancestor now have different traits. Result of isolation or barriers between the organisms of the same species

Analogous structure

Structure with same function but different origin

Coevolution and an example

Happens when 2 or more organisms interact with one another and change because of interactions. Ex. Bird eat mimics. Mimics evolve to look like monarchs, monarchs change to differentiate so birds won’t confuse them for mimics

Fitness

Ability to produce offspring. Greater number of offspring possible, higher its fitness

Population

Multiple members of the same species

If one of the 4 conductions for natural selection is not present, it is still possible for natural selection to occur. True or False?

False, all conditions must be met for natural selection to happen.

Evolution

Change in the relative frequency of alleles in a populations gene pool

Alleles

Variations of a gene

Traits are concrete good or bad True or False

False. Beneficial or harmful is determined by the environment and the context

Gene pool

Consist of all the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population, where genetic variation is stored and measured

Which factors affect frequency of alleles

Natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift (genetic bottleneck and founder effect), inbreeding

Gene flow

Exchange of alleles between 2 populations of the same species, resulting in increased genetic diversity for both populations

Genetic drift (the 2 types)

2 types: genetic bottleneck, founder effect

Process resulting in decreased genetic diversity/variation

Major impact on small populations

GB: occurs when an event such as a natural disaster significantly reduces populations size and gene pool. Certain allele size chosen by chance

FE: small number of individuals move to new habitat and start a new population

Inbreeding

Reproduction of closely related animals over multiple generations. Can result in recessive harmful mutation appearing, meaning birth defects or other harmful traits

Deleterious alleles

A recessive allele making an animal less fit

Artificial selection

Selective breeding, humans picking out their favoured traits and breeding for that trait they want

Positives to Artificial selection

tries to establish certain traits animals will pass to the next generation

desirable traits: disease resistance, strength, calmness, leaner meat, endurances, etc

Negatives to artificial selection

Decreased genetic variation

Undesirable traits from both parents may appear

Homologous structure

Same structure, different function

Vestigial structures

Structures reduced in size/function, but may have once been complete and functional

Embryological development

Embryos of different species developing in very similar ways, suggesting a common ancestor

What do fossil records do for us

Gives us a general idea of timeline and evolution of species, as well as how long the evolutions took. Also shows structural similarities between extinct and current animals

Gradualism

Suggests Slow evolution in gradual changes

Punctuated equilibrium

Suggests long periods of little to no significant change (equilibrium), then big changes in environment cue short periods of rapid change

Organism endangered

Decrease by 50-70% over 10 years

3 ways mutations can happen

Radiation (x-rays), chemicals, mistakes in DNA replication

4 factors affecting frequency of alleles

Natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift and inbreeding