Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Flashcards covering essential terms and concepts in Human Anatomy and Physiology.

Anatomy

The study of the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts.

Physiology

The study of the functions of body parts and how they work and interact.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the cells of an organism.

Negative Feedback

A mechanism that corrects deviations from a set point to maintain homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

A mechanism that increases a deviation from a set point, creating unstable conditions.

Cell

The smallest unit that displays all characteristics of living organisms.

Tissue

A group of cells that function together.

Organ

A group of tissues performing specialized functions.

Organ System

A group of organs that function together.

Organism

A living entity composed of organ systems functioning together.

Chemical

Basic building blocks, including atoms, molecules, and macromolecules.

Receptor

A structure that detects changes in the internal environment.

Set Point

The normal value or range that the body seeks to maintain.

Effector

Muscles or glands that bring about changes necessary to return to the set point.

Cranial Cavity

House for the brain.

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the heart, lungs, and mediastinum.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Integumentary System

The body covering system that includes skin, hair, and nails.

Skeletal System

Consists of bones, ligaments, and cartilages providing structure and support.

Nervous System

Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, responsible for communication.

Endocrine System

Glands that secrete hormones to regulate body functions.

Cardiovascular System

Composed of the heart and blood vessels, it distributes nutrients and oxygen.

Respiratory System

Moves air in and out of the lungs, facilitating gas exchange.

Digestive System

Responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.

Urinary System

Removes wastes and regulates water and electrolyte balance.

Reproductive System

Produces new organisms; includes male and female reproductive organs.

Sagittal Section

Divides the body into right and left portions.

Transverse Section

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Frontal Section

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Abdominal Regions

Divided into nine regions that help locate internal organs.

Quadrants of the Abdomen

Divided into four quadrants for identifying locations of organs.