India's External Relations

How did India conduct its foreign affairs?

Aimed to respect the sovereignty of all other nations and achieve security through the maintenance of peace. Echoed in Directive Principles of State Policy

Who wrote Haqueeqat?

Chetan Anand

China War

What does independence consist of? It consists fundamentally and basically of foreign relations. That is the test o f independence. All else is local autonomy. Once foreign relations go out of your hands into the charge of somebody else, to that extent and in that measure you are not independent.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Our general policy is to avoid entanglement in power politics and not to join any group of powers as against any other group. T he two leading groups today are the Russian bloc and the Anglo American bloc. We must be friendly to both and yet not join either. Both America and Russia are extraordinarily suspicious of each other as well as of other countries. This makes our path difficult and we may well be suspected by each of leaning towards the o ther. This cannot be helped

Nehru to K.P.S. Menon

When was the Department of Defense Production established?

November 1962

Why was 1999 Kargil conflict so concerning?

Both countries had nukes

Panchsheel Agreement

mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty,

mutual non-aggression,

mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs,

equality and mutual benefit

peaceful co-existence

When was the Department of Defense Supplies established?

November 1965

When was the third plan?

1961

When was the fourth plan made?

1969

What does independence consist of? It consists fundamentally and basically of foreign relations. That is the test o f independence. All else is local autonomy. Once foreign relations go out of your hands into the charge of somebody else, to that extent and in that measure you are not independent.

Nehru to Constituent Assembly

What was the foreign policy in 1962-71?

Same

Our general policy is to avoid entanglement in power politics and not to join any group of powers as against any other group. T he two leading groups today are the Russian bloc and the Anglo American bloc. We must be friendly to both and yet not join either. Both America and Russia are extraordinarily suspicious of each other as well as of other countries. This makes our path difficult and we may well be suspected by each of leaning towards the o ther. This cannot be helped

Nehru to K.P.S Menon

What was the bordering line?

McMahon Line

Who disapproved concession to China?

Jana Sangh and Socialist Party

China new Agreement

1954

What was a buffer zone between India and China?

TIber

Shimla Agreement

India Pakistan

1972

Indira Gandhi

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Father of Benzair Bhutto)

Who signed Indus Water Treaty?

1960 with Nehru and Ayub Khan by World Bank

Who wanted closer relations with US?

Ambedkar

Bhartiya Jana Sangh

Swatantra Party

What did Nehru want with Nukes?

Did not like them

Wanted comprehensive nuclear disarmament for all superpowers

What is major achievement in India Pakistan relationship?

Bus and Train between India and Pakistan

What was Nehru’s foreign policy?

Preserve India’s hard earned independence

Protect Territorial Integrity

Promote Rapid Economic Development

Reduce Cold War Tensions

Struggle against imperialism

Support UN

Who was the architect of foreign policy?

Nehru

What article provides Directive Principles of State Policy?

Article 51

How was the Communist party split?

CPI was now more pro-USSR and closer to Congress

CPI-M was sometimes closer with China and against ties with the COngress

What happened after China invaded India in October 1962?

Defense Minister V. Krishna Menon resigned

No confidence motion in Congress

1965 War

Pakistan attacked Rann of Kutch area of Gujarat in April

Attacked Kashmir in August-September hoping to get local support

Shashtri ordered Indian troop to launch counter-offensive on Punjab border

Indian army for the first time enters Pakistan

Kashmir Conflict 1947

Proxy war

Did not prevent cooperation

Both worked to restore women abducted during the partition

Who did Rajogopalachari write too?

Edwina Mountbatten

Liked Chinese Premier

“ “ a country without material, men or money – the three means of power – is now fast coming to be recognised as the biggest moral power in the civilised world …her w

When did process of reorganisation of North East states begin?

Soon after China invaded India

What regions did China want?

Aksai-chin in Ladakh

NEFA (North Easter Frontier Agency)

Could block in Ladakh but not Arunachal

Where did Pakistani aircrafts attack in 1971?

Punjab and Rajasthan

Where did Pakistani army attack in 1971?

Jammu and Kashmir

What did Pakistan do?

Arrested Sheikh Mujib and unleashed reign of terror

How many Pakistani troops had surrendered in 1971?

90,000

Within 10 days

Retaliated on western and eastern fronts

What was Kargil conflict?

1999

Mashkoh, Dras, Kaksar and Batalik areas were occupied by Mujahideen.

We suspected role of Pakistani army and retaliated.

May and June 1999

By 26 July 1999 we gained control of almost all lost points

PM of Pakistan was kept in the dark by the Army Chief

Parvez Musharraf did a coup

What derailed the five year plans?

Conflicts with neighbours

What reiterates India’s commitment to global, verifiable and non-discriminatory disarmament?

No First Use

Who announced that the pro-soviet tilt will be over?

Janata party in 1977

What are the two question for Indian’s foreign policy?

Vis-a-vis pakistan

Indo-US relations

What parties have been criticised pro-US foreign policy?

1990s

Which countries tried to impose NPT?

1968

US, USSR, UK, France, China

Where did support from Pakistan come from?

US and China

Henry Kissinger visited China via Pakistan in July 1971

India signed 20-year Treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Soviet Union in August 1971

How many refugees fled to India?

80 lakh

Who won Pakistan’s election in 1970?

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in West Pakistan

Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahamn in East Pakistan with Awami League

Arrested Mujib Rahaman

Who did India ask for help during the China war?

Britain and US

Soviet remained neutral

What do Tibetans want?

It is not a part of Chinese territory

Opposed bringing more Chinese settlers into Tibet.

China wants to undermine the traditional religion and culture of Tiber

What were the two camps?

United States and USSR

Directive Principles of State Policy Article 51

State shall endeavor to -

Promote international peace and security

Maintain just and honorable relations between nations

Foster respect for international law and treaty obligation in the dealings of organized people with one another

Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration

Creator of the Indian National Army

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

Who was the Foreign Minister?

Nehru

What were Nehru’s three major objectives for foreign policy?

Preserve the hard-earned sovereignty,

protect territorial integrity

promote rapid economic development.

What was India’s foreign policy?

Non-Alignment

Invasion

India condemned Britain for invading Egypt but didn’t condemn USSR for invading Hungary

When did the Asian Relations Conference convene?

March 1947

When did India convene an international conference against the Dutch?

1949

Badung Conference

1955 Marked the zenith of India’s engagement with the newly independent nations, led to establishment of NAM.

Where was the First Summit of NAM held?

Belgrade, September 1961

What did India think of China?

Recognized it after the Chinese revolution.

Nehru felt that it was exceedingly unlikely that India will face an attack from China. Vallabhbhai Patel worried about possible aggression.

Border guarded by para-military. Panschell, the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence by Nehru and Zhou Enlai led to stronger relations. 1954 29 April

When did the Dalai Lami and Zhou Enlai visit India?

1956

When was the armed uprising in tibet?

1958

When did the Dalai Lama come to India?

1959

Largest Tibetan refuge in India

Dharamshala in Himachal Pradesh

What did China do 1957-59 in Aksai-chin?

It built strategic roads

Who resigned after the China war?

Defense Minister V. Krishna Menon

How many bangali took refuge in India?

80 Lakh

What places did Pakistan bomb?

Punjab and Rajasthan

How many soldiers did the Pakistani army have in East Paksitan?

90,000

Who was Homi J. Bhabha?

Guided the nuclear programme

What is India’s Nuclear Policy?

No first use and global non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament leading to a nuclear free world.

Only for peaceful purposes

First explosion was a peaceful explosion