Exam 1: Herbaceous Plants

What is the main biological difference between woody and herbaceous plants.

Meristems

Give an example of an herbaceous plant.

Raven's example: Baptisia alba

Give an example of an woody plant.

Raven's example: Quercus falcata

Define woody plants

plant that has shoot growth remain above ground from year to year usually due to protective tissue (secondary growth, buds, etc.)

Define herbaceous plants

An herbaceous plant is a plant whose shoot growth dies back at the end of the growing season (be it warm or cold)

Define annuals and give an example.

An annual is a plant that grows, flowers, sets seed, and dies all in one growing season.

Marigold, Geranium, Vinca, Zinnia, Impatiens, Cornflower, Begonia, Petunia, Cucurbita

Define biennials and give an example.

A biennial is a plant that grows one season, and flowers and sets seed the next season.

Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)

California poppy (Eschscholozia)

Canterbury Bells (Campanula medium)

Forget-me-not (Myosotis)

Foxglove (Digitalis)

Hollyhock (Alcea)

Honesty (Lunaria)

Pansy (Viola wittrockiana)

Define perennials and give an example.

Perennials are plants that return year after year (circumvent the death stage). Death does occur with perennials, too, but the meristem is maintained.

Hemerocallis (Daylily)

Hosta

Hibiscus

Heuchera (Coral Bells)

Nepeta (Catnip)

Ornamental Grass (Various)

Perovskia (Russian Sage)

Horizontal perenniality

plants explore earth for resources, programmed cell death follows

Vertical perenniality

plants grow upward and dead tissue becomes wood

For growth, what's the biological difference between annuals, biennials, and perennials?

HOW MERISTEMS PERPETUATE

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Ecoregion

An ecoregion is a broad geographical area where similar climate, soil, and geology influence plant communities

What are the two U.S. ecoregion provinces in East Texas?

230 Subtropical Division and 250 Prairie Division

What are the three Texas ecoregions that are present in East Texas?

Pineywoods, Post oak savannah, and Blackland Prairies.

Habitat

A habitat is a place plants grow with characteristic ecological factors.

Plant community

A plant community is a group of plants that are adapted to the same habitat and associate with each other

Differentiate between what makes a plant obligate or facultative for a specific habitat factor.

Obligate = cannot live without

Facultative = can live without

Ex. OBL (Obligate Wetland Plants)—Almost always occur in wetlands. FACW (Facultative Wetland Plants)—Usually occur in wetlands, but may occur in non-wetlands. FAC (Facultative Wetland Plants)—Occur in wetlands and non-wetlands.

Speices

group of organisms capable of interbreeding that produce viable offspring.

Provenance

A place where a species or cultivar originated

Variety

A population within a species occurring in nature with different characteristics.

Cultivar

cultivated variety of a species with uniform, unique, and stable traits, usually maintained by people

Hybrid

cross between two genetically distinct individuals that often is intermediate of the parents, BUT can have vigor

Describe types of disturbance.

People, fires, insect outbreaks, disease epidemics, droughts, floods, hurricanes, windstorms, landslides, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, etc.

Competition

Competition is where two or more organisms utilize the same resources (light, nutrients, water, etc.)

Succession

Succession is the change in species structure in a community over time, usually toward a climax community. BUT stable states can occur.

Colonization

Colonization is the reproduction of a plant resulting in an increase in the individuals in the population

Senescence

Senescence is the aging and deterioration in plants, potentially death.

Disturbance

occurrence that quickly causes changes/ death in an ecosystem, either most/all of the vegetation destroyed back to ground level/ roots still intact or roots destroyed too

Grime's universal adaptive strategy theory: Ruderals

short lived species that grow, flower rapidly, and then usually die. Persist in a community through seed

Grime's universal adaptive strategy theory: Competitors

Competitors maximize available resources and produce as much growth as possible to spread and compete against other species.

Grime's universal adaptive strategy theory: Stress-tolerators

Stress-tolerators use limited resources, grow slowly, conserve resources, and protect from predators (stress-avoiders die back).

Design Part 1

1. Give examples of the purposes that gardens can have.

2. Define style and genius loci, how they relate to gardening, and how you would recognize style on a garden site.

3. Describe the three approaches to herbaceous plant design and be able to differentiate between them.

4. Detail the aspects of the Kaplan environmental matrix and how we can consider it in design.

5. Describe plant associations and what makes them effective.

6. Differentiate between combining for neighbors versus combining for overall effect.

7. Describe how to consider location in design.

8. Explain factors to consider for combining plants, and discuss how combining neighbors and for the overall effect are different.

type ‘k’

k

Niche

An organism's response to resources and competition in an environment and its actions that impact that environment.

Aboveground, Belowground, and Time

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

• No two species

• can occupy the same niche

• in the same habitat

• at the same time.

What type of aboveground niche involves leaves that emerge from the ground (linear or broad)?

Ex. Mayapples

Basal leaves

What type of aboveground niche involves one stem and leaves emerge directly from the stem?

Stem leaves

What type of aboveground niche involves stems that emerge from stems with multiple leaves?

Stem mounds

Grasses are a niche and form of aboveground foliage. What are the two types of grasses discussed in class?

Mat grasses and Cespitose (bunch grasses).

generalist species

Species with a broad ecological niche. They can live in many different places and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions.

specialist species

Species with a narrow ecological niche. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat or tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions.

Sociability

how to group plants based on their

• forms of growth,

• distribution,

• life span patterns.

1-5 scale we used in Lab