Cell membrane, cell transport

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43 Terms

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Cell membrane functions
protects cell from surroundings, internal doesn’t equal external environment, controls what goes in and out
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Components of the cell membrane
phospholipids, cholesterol, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, glycoproteins, carrier proteins
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Fluid mosaic model
Made of lipids and proteins that move around; the cell membrane is a mosaic of proteins bobbing in a fluid layer of phospholipids
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Amphiphilic
the cell is hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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What does cholesterol do
stabilizes the cell membrane
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Saturated fatty acid
decrease fluidity of cell membrane because they’re solid at room temp
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Unsaturated fatty acid
increase fluidity because they’re liquid at room temp
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Peripheral protein
located on the outside of the cell membrane, polar
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Integral protein
middle is nonpolar, surface is polar; only integral transports; channel and carrier proteins
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Carrier proteins
allow certain molecules to pass through; help pump things against their concentration gradient; used for large and charged
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Channel protein
allows for large and charged molecules to pass through; no energy required and goes with concentration gradient
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cell membrane protein functions (both)
cell structure, enzymes, cell recognition, cell signaling, junctions, anchor cell
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What can enter and exit through the bilayer
small and uncharged molecules
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What can enter and exit through channel proteins
large and charged/polar molecules
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Diffusion
transfer of materials from high to low concentration; no energy
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Facilitated diffusion
diffusion of molecules that require a transport protein; passive transport that doesn’t require energy; glucose and amino acids
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Simple vs facilitated diffusion
simple is small, nonpolar through bilayer; facilitated requires a transport protein for large, polar; both go from high to low concentration and no energy required
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Active transport
movement from low to high conc that requires energy
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Sodium potassium pump
3 sodium is pumped out of the cell from low to high with ATP, 2 potassium is pumped into the cell from low to high when phosphate is removed; electrochemical gradient is created which can be used for energy (outside is pos, inside is neg)
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Bulk transport
active transport bringing in large, polar molecules; endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis) and exocytosis
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Endocytosis
brings large molecules in (proteins, polysaccharides) and requires energy
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Phagocytosis
a portion of the cell membrane engulfs the molecule and brings it in; bringing in a large, solid molecule (protein, polysaccharide, bacteria)
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Pinocytosis
takes in a large amount of fluid
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Receptor mediated endocytosis
protein on the virus will bind to a receptor on the host cell, cell membrane will fuse w/the virus, bringing it into the cell
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Exocytosis
transport vesicle fuses with cell membrane resulting in the release of the substance; requires energy
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Glycoproteins
found on the cell membrane and the blood; function as receptors for chemical signaling; help in blood typing; cell to cell recognition
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Glycolipids
found on the cell membrane; facilitate cellular recognition; when tagged inappropriately, they cause autoimmune diseases
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Hypertonic
higher salt concentration (solute), less solvent
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Hypotonic
lower salt concentration (solute), more solvent
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Isotonic
equal solute and solvent
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Plasmolysis
cell shrinks due to a loss of water from being in a hypertonic solution
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Cytolysis
a cell bursts because of excess water entering from being in a hypotonic solution
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Uniport transport protein
transports one solute molecule with its concentration gradient; glucose transporter
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Symport transport protein
transports 2 different solute molecules in the same direction; sodium-glucose transport
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Antiport transport protein
transports 2 different solutes in opposite directions; sodium potassium pump
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Primary active transport
uses energy, ATP, and can create an electrochemical gradient
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Secondary active transport
using the electrochemical gradient to move the solutes from low to high (sodium glucose transport)
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Sodium glucose pump
the electrochemical gradient created from the sodium-potassium pump is used to pump the sodium and glucose back into the cell against their concentration gradient; symporter;
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Sucrose/H+ cotransporter
Using energy from ATP, proton pump, pumps protons out of the cell (low to high ), creating an electrochemical gradient. The H+/sucrose transporter moves sucrose into the cell (low to high) using energy from electrochemical gradient powered by the proton pump as protons travel back into the cell from high to low conc.
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Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)
channel allowing chloride ions to exit the cell into mucus, maintains balance of salt & water
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How does cystic fibrosis change CFTR
the channel has an incorrect shape so chloride ions can’t exit the cell
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ENac (epithelial sodium channel) and how it’s affected
allows sodium to enter the cell; mutant CFTR makes ENac more efficient which leads to build up of sodium in the cell, making it hypertonic
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What does cystic fibrosis cause
mucus becomes dry because of the hypertonic cell and water is sucked out of the mucus instead of the opposite