biological molecules

what Is a monomer

small units that make larger molecules

what is a polymer

made from large number of monomers and chemically bonded

examples of monomers

monosaccharides , amino acids , nucleotides

what is condensation reaction

joins 2 monomers together with formation of covalent bond and involve elimination of water

what is hydrolysis reaction

breaks covalent bonds between 2 monomer

involve use of water molecule

describe molecules of life

all contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

these are organic

can be grouped into 4 types, carbohydrates, lipids , proteins , nucleic acids

which make up biochem process of life

what can the monomer of glucose make polymers of

starch, cellulose , glycogen

what can the monomer of amino acids make a polymer of

protein

what can the monomer of nucleotides make a polymer of

DNA & RNA

examples of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

examples of monosaccharides which are monomers

glucose

fructose

galactose

examples of disaccharides (dimers)

sucrose

maltose

lactose

examples of polysaccharides (polymers)

starch

cellulose

glycogen

describe glucose

exist as 2 isomer alpha and beta

found in all 3 polysaccharides

for the drawing, the right side is swapped for beta

what do molecules of life all contain

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

all organic

what 4 groups can carbon hydrogen and oxygen be grouped into

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

describe carbohydrates

respiratory substrate

provides energy for cells

used for structure in cell membrane and cell wall in plants

describe lipids

respiratory substrate

provide energy for cells

form a bilayer in cell membrane

make up some hormones

describe proteins

main component of many cellular structure

form enzyme & chemical messengers

describe nucleic acid

form polymers (DNA & RNA)

which makes up genetic material of organisms

codes for sequence of amino acids

which make up all proteins

what are long chains of sugar units called

saccharides

what is a single monomer , pair of monomers and many called and what bonds join them together

monosaccharide

disaccharide

polysaccharide

glycosidic bonds in condensation reaction

what bonds is formed from condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides

glycosidic bond

how is a disaccharide formed

condensation of 2 monosaccharides

how is the disaccharide maltose formed

condensation of 2 glucose molecules

how is the disaccharide sucrose formed

condensation of glucose and fructose

how is the disaccharide lactose formed

condensation of glucose and galactose

how are polysaccharides formed

condensation of many glucose units

how is glycogen and starch formed

condensation of alpha glucose

how is cellulose formed

condensation of beta glucose

describe structure of glycogen

long branched chains w lots of side branches

glycosidic bonds = 1-6

large but compact, maximising amount of energy stored

properties of glycogen

lots of branches increases SA, so enzyme can hydrolyse glycosidic bonds

which allows glucose release quickly

insoluble , doesn’t affect water potential of cells & can’t diffuse out cells

uses of glycogen

animal store excess glucose as glycogen in muscles and liver

glycogen= energy store, can be hydrolyse to release glucose quick for respiration

describe structure of starch

mix of 2 polysaccharide , amylose & amylopectin

amylose=long & unbranched , forms coils

amyloplectin=long, branched cuz of 1-6 glycosidic bond

properties of starch

amylose=coiling so is compact & store more in a smaller place

amylopectin=branches increase SA for enzyme to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds

which allows quick release of glucose

insoluble , won’t affect cell water potential

uses of starch

plants use to store excess glucose

cuz its too big to leave cells

starch can be hydrolyse to release glucose for respiration

describe structure of cellulose

long

unbranched

straight chains

glycosidic bonds 1-4

cellulose chain link by H bonds between glucose molecules in each chain

which forms thicker fibres (microfibrils)

component of cell walls in plant

properties of cellulose

H bonds between cellulose make microfibril really strong

but its still flexible allowing to provide support

uses of cellulose

major structural component

provides support

allows cell to become turgid

which also helps maximise SA of plants for photosynthesis

formula for monomer & trisaccharide

C6H1206

C18H32016