Clinical Skills II

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and definitions related to laboratory tests and cardiovascular conditions as per the lecture notes.

Sensitivity

The capacity of a laboratory test to identify all individuals with a disease.

Specificity

A statistical term that indicates the effectiveness of a test to correctly identify those without disease.

Positive Predictive Value

The likelihood that a positive test result identifies someone with the disease.

Negative Predictive Value

The likelihood that a negative test result identifies someone without the disease.

Prevalence

The number of existing cases of a disease in a population, usually expressed as a percentage.

Incidence

The number of new cases occurring within a specified period of time, usually one year.

Precision

The ability to test one sample and repeatedly obtain results that are close to each other.

Accuracy

The relationship between the number obtained from a test and the true result.

Preanalytical Phase

The phase involving patient preparation and sample collection prior to analysis.

Analytical Phase

The phase during which the sample is being analyzed in the laboratory.

Postanalytical Phase

The phase that begins when the test result is generated and ends when the result is reported to the physician.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A common routine test ordered to evaluate health status, requiring a lavender-topped vacuum tube for collection.

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

Condition indicating myocardial necrosis in a clinical setting consistent with acute myocardial ischemia.

ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI)

Clinical syndrome associated with total loss of coronary blood flow.

Non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI)

Myocardial necrosis due to partial loss of coronary perfusion, generally less severe than STEMI.

Myocardial Injury

Damage to heart muscle which is characterized by necrosis and can be identified by specific biomarkers.

Cardiac Biomarkers

Proteins detected in the blood following heart muscle damage used for diagnosing myocardial injury.

Cardiac Troponin I

A specific marker found only in heart muscle, elevated levels indicate myocardial injury.

Cardiac Troponin T

A marker found in heart muscle and small amounts in other muscles, used to assess myocardial injury.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A condition resulting from ineffective pumping of the heart, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs.

Natriuretic Peptides

Biomarkers such as BNP and NT-proBNP used to assist in the clinical evaluation of CHF.

Atherosclerosis

A predominant vascular disease characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in arteries.

LDL Cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, its concentration indicates varying risks for heart disease.

High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP)

A blood test that measures low levels of CRP, indicating cardiovascular risk based on inflammation.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol

Cholesterol that reduces cardiovascular risk when levels are elevated.

Sensitivity

The capacity of a laboratory test to identify all individuals with a disease.

Specificity

A statistical term that indicates the effectiveness of a test to correctly identify those without disease.

Positive Predictive Value

The likelihood that a positive test result identifies someone with the disease.

Negative Predictive Value

The likelihood that a negative test result identifies someone without the disease.

Prevalence

The number of existing cases of a disease in a population, usually expressed as a percentage.

Incidence

The number of new cases occurring within a specified period of time, usually one year.

Precision

The ability to test one sample and repeatedly obtain results that are close to each other.

Accuracy

The relationship between the number obtained from a test and the true result.

Preanalytical Phase

The phase involving patient preparation and sample collection prior to analysis.

Analytical Phase

The phase during which the sample is being analyzed in the laboratory.

Postanalytical Phase

The phase that begins when the test result is generated and ends when the result is reported to the physician.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A common routine test ordered to evaluate health status, requiring a lavender-topped vacuum tube for collection.

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

Condition indicating myocardial necrosis in a clinical setting consistent with acute myocardial ischemia.

ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI)

Clinical syndrome associated with total loss of coronary blood flow.

Non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI)

Myocardial necrosis due to partial loss of coronary perfusion, generally less severe than STEMI.

Myocardial Injury

Damage to heart muscle which is characterized by necrosis and can be identified by specific biomarkers.

Cardiac Biomarkers

Proteins detected in the blood following heart muscle damage used for diagnosing myocardial injury.

Cardiac Troponin I

A specific marker found only in heart muscle, elevated levels indicate myocardial injury.

Cardiac Troponin T

A marker found in heart muscle and small amounts in other muscles, used to assess myocardial injury.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A condition resulting from ineffective pumping of the heart, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs.

Natriuretic Peptides

Biomarkers such as BNP and NT-proBNP used to assist in the clinical evaluation of CHF.

Atherosclerosis

A predominant vascular disease characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in arteries.

LDL Cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, its concentration indicates varying risks for heart disease.

High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP)

A blood test that measures low levels of CRP, indicating cardiovascular risk based on inflammation.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol

Cholesterol that reduces cardiovascular risk when levels are elevated.

Clinical Application of Complete Blood Count (CBC)

To evaluate overall health status and aid in diagnosing conditions such as anemia, infection, inflammation, and various blood disorders.