Unit 4: Lymphatic/ Urinary

Function of lymphatic system

monitor bacteria/ foreign bodies; can begin recognizing microbes

Lymphatic vessels

return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to blood

lymph

interstitial fluid that enters lymphatics

lymph vessels

one way system; lymph flows toward heart

lymph vessels include

lymphatic capillaries, collecting ducts, and trunks.

Lymphatic capillaries

very permeable (take up proteins cell debris), pathogens travel throughout body via lymphatics

lacteals

specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa

lacteals absorb —-

digested fat

chyle

fatty lymph

Minor calyces

drain pyramids at papillae

Major calyces

collect urine from minor calyces; empty urine into renal pelvis

Glomerulus

specialized for filtration

Macula densa

chemoreceptors; sense NaCl content of filtrate

BP is high in the glomerulus because

afferent arterioles bring in more blood than efferent arterioles

kidneys

major excretory organs

ureters

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

urinary bladder

temporary storage reservoir for urine

urethra

transports urine out body

renal fascia

anchoring layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

perirenal fat capsule

fatty cushion

fibrous capsule

prevents spreading infections to kidneys

renal cortex

filtration, granular

renal medulla

contains renal pyramids, involved in urine formation

papilla

tip of pyramid; release urine into minor calyx

renal pelvis

funnel shaped continuous w/ ureter

pyelitis

infection of renal pelvis and calyces

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the kidney caused by bacterial infection,

relationship between kidneys and blood

kidneys cleanse blood; adjust composition —> rich blood supply

Glomerular filtration

produces cell- and protein free filtrate from the blood in the glomeruli.

tubular reabsorption

selectively returns 99% of substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules

tubular secretion

selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts

urine

contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances

glomerular filtration

hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane

Three layers of filtration membrane

1. fenestrated endothelium

2. Basement membrane

3. foot processes of podocytes

Collecting ducts have two cells types

principal and intercalated cells

principal cells

maintain water and sodium balance

intercalated cells

help maintain acid-base balance of blood

collecting ducts

receive filtrate from many nephrons; fuse together to deliver minor calyces

cortical nephrons

85% of nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

long nephrons loops deeply invade medulla

Renal tubules are associated with

glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

Juxtamedullary nephrons also associated with

vasa recta

peritubular capillaries

low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes

vasa recta

formation of concentrated urine

juxtaglomerular complex

regulation of rate of filtrated formation and blood pressure

Three processes in urine formation and adjustment of blood composition

glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

tubular secretion

filtration membrane allows

water, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes to pass

intrinsic controls (renal auto regulation)

act locally within kidney to maintain GFR

Extrinsic controls

nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain blood pressure; can negatively affect kidney function

Two types of renal regulation

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

intrinsic controls

high BP —> restricts blood flow into glomerulus

extrinsic controls

low BP —> dilation of afferent arterioles

sepsis

bacteria multiplying in blood stream

lymph transport

prevent back flow w/ valves

Lymphoid cells

T & B lymphocytes

T&B lymphocytes

protect against antigens

T cells

manage immune response

B cells

produce plasma cells

macrophages

phagocytize foreign substances

dendritic cells

capture and deliver them to lymph nodes

reticular fibers

allows cells to bounce off each other

spleen

cleanses blood of aged cells

white pulp

lymphoid base material

red pulp

filter RBC; eat old RBCs

Thymus

exposing t- cells to all possible antigens

largest collections of MALT is in

tonsils, peyers patches, appendix

tonsillar crypts

trap and destroy bacteria; allow immune cells to build memory

Peyer’s patches

clusters of lymphoid follicles

renal calculi

kidney stones in renal pelvis

treatment for kidney stones

shock wave lithotripsy

incontinence

usually weakened pelvic muscles

urethra

muscular tube draining urinary bladder

smooth muscle

on when not urinating

skeletal muscle

on when urinating actively

protein in urine can be caused by

high blood pressure or kidney disease.

countercurrent mechanism

multiply salt content into the medulla

countercurrent exhcanger

blood flow in ascending/ descending limbs of vasa recta

why is urine darker when dehydrated

more water is being put into the system

cloudy urine may indicated

UTI

urochrome

pigment from hemoglobin breakdown

abnormal color of urine can be caused by

food ingestion, bile pigments, blood, drugs

odor of urine may be altered by

some drugs and vegetables

pH of urine

slightly acidic; range from 4.5 to 8.0

mumps

inflammation of the parotid glands

1% of glomerular filtrate

urine

volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)