AP World History

Terms, People, Dates

World Religions

Buddhism: Mahayana popular, Lamaist among Mongol, China and Japan, reabsorbed into Hinduism

Christianity: Since Roman times, appealed to women/low classes, church powerful, Great Schism with East (byzantine) and then protestant reformation

Confucianism: China. ethically, social, and political, allows for other religions to be practice, used by government to reinforce role of respecting authority

Hinduism: reinforces caste system, prevented spread

Islam: Umayyad, Abbasid, Dar al Islam, rise of fundamentalism, jihad

Judaism: persecution, starter of Christianity

Abbasid Caliphate

750 to 1258, Capital at Baghdad, Islamic

House of Wisdom, medicine, preserved Greco-Roman, Indian math, medicine, etc,

fight between sunni/shia

Saljuq Turks assert power around 1000, sultan rule

tolerant, jizya, Sunni

After Mongols started to overrun, Mamluks in Egypt took over

Compare and Contrast Feudal Europe and the Islamic Empires in the Period 1200-1450

Islamic merchants trading while lords governing manors

Baghdad center of learning while monasteries in early HRE

Education more exclusive in Europ

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Feudal Europe started to catch up when it started banking.trading

emergence of a new urban middle class

Song Dynasty of China

Modified civil service to more ***Confucian*** education (originated likely during Tang or Han), ***footbinding***, expanded Grand Canal, porcelain trade

Inventions: primitive prinitng/gunpowder, magnetic compass, **sternpost rudder/junks, paper money**

**Influx of Mahayana Buddhism leads to rise in Neo-confucianism (emphasis on filial piety to gov)**

***champa rice pop growth******

Indian Ocean Trade Network

East Africa (Swahilis), India, Arabia/Middle East, Indies, China

Faciliated the spread of Islam, *early slave trade*, porcelain, silk, crops, etc

Women’s Status in 1200-1450

Europe: strict/patriarchal, textiles, monogamy

Islam: equality in religion, patriarchal, veiling, slightly more equal

India: strict patriarchy, caste system, sati, veiling

China: strict Confucian order, silk weaving roles, literate to extent, **foot binding**

How did states sponsor trade from 1200-1450?

Standardization of weights and measures, issuing of credit, printing/minting official currencies, custom houses, safeguarding/providing shelter on trade routes

Mongol Capitals

Karakorum, Khanbaliq

Nomadic people north of China that disrupted trade and warred against them for centuries. Formed a federation that eventually collapsed. Indo-european origin and laid the foundation for other peoples (like Huns)

Xiongnu

How did the Mongols live before the empire?

Relied off animals, pastoral but no agriculture. Lived in yurts

Two classes- noble and commoners, based on military skill

*Mongols were trade intermediaries for long-distance commerce, led caravans*

Causes of Mongol migration

Environment: extreme temperatures, lack of resources, global warming, droughts, cannot grow crops and small groups because they were nomadic, Population pressures, unification, shamanists/military strength

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How did the Mongols come to power?

Organized under a khan and unified by Genghis. Great warriors with equestrian skills, horse-riding, can attack quickly and superior military organization. Used fear tactics, psychological warfare. Surrender or be slaughtered, brutality

Continuities of the Mongol Empire

kept local govs, used Persian satrapy system, patriarchy,

nomadic lifestyle, leadership structure (sort of tribal, dynastic under khan, but more meritocratic now), military techniques, kept shamanism (although some syncretism), adapted to agriculture, helped foster existing relgions, kept social heirarchies

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Changes during the Mongol Empire

political organization, religious tolerance, almost global trade/commerce, cultural diffusion, new technology, shift to lamaist, massive connection, globalization

Mongols actuall negatively impacted cultures despite diffusing them (did not spread their won/contribute themselves)

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Saljuq Turks

Nomads who took power of the Abbasid Caliphate during the eleventh century becoming sultan.

Took parts of the Byzantine empire, adopted Islam

Ghaznavid Turks

Sultanate of Delhi, Mahmud of Ghazni takes over Northern India, encouraged shift to Islam

***golden age of Islam***\*\*, schools, irrigation, considerable Hindu conversion but also disputes, jizya\*\*

*delhi sultanate is weakened by the rise of other Islamic/ Hindu states like the Vijayanagara kingdom*

Tamerlane also attacks frequently

Genghis Khan

Temujin, rises to power through courage in battle and making alliances. Unites Mongol federation in 1206..

Policies of Genghis Khan

Broke apart/mixed tribes to ensure loyalty, Karakorum, utilized conquered troops, destroyed agricultural systems (qanats), brutally murdered populations, *relied on military/tribute to rule, TOLERANCE, MERITOCRATIC SYSTEM*

Extent of Empire under Genghis Khan

Central Asia, Northern China (Jurchen), Persia, took over the Khwarazm shah,

Why did the Mongol Empire Fragment?

Genghis was a conqueror not an administrator, not central government, relied on a decentralized system and tribute. Led to sucession disputes, especially because of extent of empire and cultural diversity

Four Khanates

Golden Horde, Ilkhanate, Chagatai, Khanate of the Great Khan

Benefits of the Mongol Empire

Pax Mongolica, facilitated trade east to west, courier network, first “passports,” trade was safe, diplomatic/missionary efforts, FOSTERED CONNECTION (gold brocade, blue-dyed porcelain), REVIVED Silk Roads, GUNPOWDER, cosmpolitan, supported diversity, first introduces paper money, inspires Marco Polo/Europe, left internal politics alone when they conquered, science and learning spread and prosper, largest continuous land empire, tolerant, supported economic expansion (connection like Persia-China, silk, etc), communication

Detriments of the Mongol Empire

Resettlment displaced peoples (but allowed for syncretism) such as Uighurs for jobs needed, supression of Chinese, genocide/brutality, inspired methods of Hitler/Stalin (blitzkreig), loss of culture, destruction, social inequality, political instability towards end, hurt environment

Put Russia behind the west by separating them culturally and politically

**BLACK DEATH SPREAD**

Height of Empire under who and when?

Kublai Khan, 1264-1294

Khublai Khan

Promoted Lamaist Buddhism, but tolerant, built roads and public works, extended to all of China and Korea, ended Song for the Yuan Dynasty, more of an administrator than conqueror, unable to invade south or Japan,

Golden Horde

Russia and Europe until mid-sixteenth century when Russians rose and Mongols fled to Crimea

Tatars took over from Eastern orthodox church that was trying to keep order (1242), *further divided the Great schism*

Ilkhanate

Took over the Abbasid, sacked Baghdad, could not hold egypt, religious tolerance but adapted to Islam, promoted trade, patroned arts, education/infrastructure

Similarities and Differences in Mongol Empire

Ilkhanate assimilated to Persian traditions and used local administrators but in China Mongols outlawed Chinese learning of Mongol culture and hated Chinese as inferior. Used foreign administrators (uighurs), undid Confucian system

Collapse

financial difficulties/rebellion, paper money inflation in China, BUBONIC PLAGUE,

Tamerlane

Samarkland, inspired by Genghis to build a large land empire, attacked Mongols, held Persia, central Asia and northern India. Tolerant, architecture, not long lasting

Ottoman Origin

Roots from Saljuq Turks. Osman rebelled against Saljuq sultan and attacked Byzantine, fought against Tamerlane but after expanded, Islamic, Mehmed the II sacks constantinople IN *1453*

Sundiata Kieta

Founder of Mali Empire, Lion King, story of power from griots

Early African Society

Crops like banana, millet, yams, Bantu migrations brought iron and agriculture. Kin-based societies, chiefdoms, small scale kingdoms emerge (Ife, Benin, Kongo), age grades, monotheism (Christianity in Ethiopia changed)

Kongo

Around modern day Congo, central admiinistration with royal currency, large kingdom of trade

Trans-Saharan Trade

Arabs/Moroccans cross desert, camels, new technology like stirrups, trade of natural resources profitable, facilitates spread of Islam for political/economic purposes (syncretism)

Mali Empire

Built on trade **(salt, slaves, gold, ivory)**, replaced kingdom of Ghana, rulers like Sundiata and Mansa Musa, caravans, Islam, Timbuktu, Niani, Gao, Jenne, very wealthy.

Declines late fifteenth century due to conflict (Songhai), and lack of trade (oceanic trade starts to emerge)

Mansa Musa

Peak of Mali Empire, very wealthy from gold, promoted Islam through building of mosques, pilgrimmage, brought Islamic scholars, made Mali known to world

Kind/generous tolerant despite Islamic push

Swahili City-states

Eastn= coast, Indian ocean trade- Chinese porcelain, Islamic influence (for trade purposes mostly), bonded through common language/culture, on the coast, stone+resource abundant

Ex: Mozambique, Mogadishu, Mombasa, Zanzibar

Great Zimbabwe Kingdom in east, powerful

Swahili Peak/decline

Peak in 10th century, decline around the start of the 1500s

When were the Middle Ages?

Around 500 to 1500 CE

Carolingian Empire

German empire founded by Charlemagne, leader of the Franks. Replaced the Western Roman Empire as stable state but was also taken down by invasions during the early middle ages

Otto of Saxony

Northern Germany king who protected the church and was crowned first Holy Roman Emperor in 962 CE (empire is not, holy, roman or an empire)

Investiture Contest

Neither the pope nor the eperors could dominate the other but the pope prevented the emperor from expanding. Emperor tried to control the appointment of church officials

Capetian France

Hugh Capet put in charge by nobles, taking land of lords to eventually become central monarch

unification aided by victory in 100 Years War (Joan of Arc at Orleans canonizedr), led to England being pushed out of country

Norman England

The Normans (descended from Vikings) led by William overtake the Angles, Saxons and other Germanic peoples and bring Norman tightly central monarchy

Magna Carta: forced to reinstate feudal rights but extend law to other peoples, created **parliament,** ***attempt to limit king power***

Bayuex Tapestry is evidence of Battle of Hastings (1066)

Normans bring Viking culture

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Italian city states

Florence, Genoa, Milan, Venice, Papal States: *dominated* trade in Meditteranean, Islamic states, etc

Hanseatic League

Trade association through the North/Baltic Seas, includes London and Hamburg, dominated trade, early globalization

Trade like this encourages rise of banking/credit, early boost of capitalism, fought wars, economic interests/protection

precedent for joint stock

Three Estates

Those who pray, those who fight and those who work: church, nobles and peasants. Clergy subject to own laws

Chivalry of nobles, troubadours,

feudalism, nobles>vassals>peasants/serfs

fiefs/manors, advances in agro like ***three-field system***

What did the order/ recovery from nomadic invasions lead to?

Urbanization/ rise of cities, guilds (like unions, control prices, take care of workers)

Christianity in Medieval Europe

Cathedral schools, emphasize Latin/theology, (universities as well), resurgence in Aristotelian thought leads to scholasticism that focuses on rational thought (St. Thomas Aquinas), use of relics, devotion to states

Reform to the Church and Heretical Movements

Dominicans and Fransiscan Friars/mendicant missionaries. Combat corruptness and heretical movements including Cathars/Waldensians

Church TREMENDOUS power from Crusades/**Inquisition**: formalized interrogation and persecution ranging from excommunication to execution

*Universal Church/Church Militant*

First Transatlantic Journeys

Eric the Red, Leif Ericson explore Greenland, Iceland, Canada (Newfoundland)

Crusades

Orders like the Templar and Teutonic Knights fulfill Pope Urban II’s call. Peter the Hermit and others go to Palestine, Jerusalem but face opposition by Ottomans and Muslims (Saladin)

Fourth crusade hurts Byzantine

*crusades also made sure that Europe would never colonize the Middle East*

Reasons for the Crusades

Spiritual journey/redemption, Economic hopes of opportunity, political power, etc

Spanish Reconquista

Kick out the muslims, completed 1492 by Isabel and Ferdinand

Inquisition, fueled witch hunts and heresy attacks

Effects of the Crusades

Spread of knowledge, science, (brought back European knowledge from Greek/Roman, spread of Arabic numerals), ineffective in goal, led to Anti-semitism, pope grew in power (also corruption), feudalism, military innovations

Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo

Famous travelers, recorded journeys

Ibn Batutta- Islamic qadi from Morrocco, traveled around Islamic world,

Polo- Venetian merchant, became Yuan administrator, Journeys of Marco polo is very popular book, *inspires explorers like Columbus*

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Missionary Efforts in Europe and China

Muslim Sufis, John of Montecorvino to Mongols but not too successful,

Later during the Ming/Qing: Jesuits like Matteo Ricci and Francis Xavier to Japan, even hold administrative roles

Crops and Industries in Middle Ages

Sugarcane wealthy in islamic nations, spread of African, European and Asian crops,

Diseases and Environment

Little Ice Age and Bubonic Plague cause rpoblems to agriculture population decline, Mongols spread plague,

Reactions to Plague

Antisemitism, labor shortage, demand for higher wages, government restricts population movement & freezes wages, riots/widespread hysteria, economic unraveling, turn to church, isolation/lawlessness

Recovery to Plague

Improved standard of living/cleanliness, feudalism starts to decline, Church power declines

In the West: taxation, militarization/formation of large standing armies loyal to crown, centralizing of power and curbing nobility, *Renaissance*, Reconquista, regional states emerge

In East/China- surge in traditional culture, repaired infrastructure, Neoconfucianism

Ming

Founded by Hongwu, 1368-1644, centralized bureacracy, kicked out Yuan, Confucianism, meritocracy, emphasized traditional Chinese culture+industries like silk/porcelain, mandarins (like gov inspectors), eunuchs,

Great Wall (expanded/repaired)

surge in footbinding (originated during Song)

*SCHOLAR BUREACRATS through civil exams*

changed currency to **silver** bc of manila galleons, but couldn’t control imbalance, led to inflation (Biggest reason of influence of American silver and the industry, *rather than* European interest in Asia markets)

Yongle

Important Ming Emperor, Yongle’s Encyclopedia on Chinese culture, use of taxation, army, expands influence of China through Zheng He

How did monarchs expand power?

Taxes, large standing army, curb nobility, government monopolies,

The New Monarchs

Isabel and Ferdinand of Spain, Henry VIII of England, Louis XI & Francis I of France, 100 Years War toll and such allowed them to introduce new policies to expand power, more direct taxation and enlargement of state treasuries, also modeled off the Italian states like Venice and Florence

Causes of Renaissance

Crusades (spread of knowledge from Middle East), Plague Recovery,

Renaissance

A period of “rebirth” from around the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. Includes innovations in medicine, art, statecraft/politics, literature, and philosophy, drew on classical ideas (greek/roman). Centered in Italy (city-states like Venice, *Florence*, etc), church *supported* Renaissance artists, Medici family

Renaissance also indicated increased global participation/intellectual growth of Europe

What is Humanism?

Humanists sought to look back at classical times to update medieval moral thought and adjust it to the need of a growing urban society (looked down at Medieval Times). Focused on the humanities (literature, history, philosophy) Promoted rational thought, rejected monasticism, stressed *civics education*, many were Christian but disproved the church accidentally. Focused on Byzantine literature, liked the old texts/writing style (greek) of classical, *advocated for the allowance of both secular and religious roles* (can be a doctor or such and still religious), inspired by Cicero, Plato, Aristotle

*Individualism & Secularism*

Important Terms from the Renaissance

linear perspective, chiaroscuro, realism, humanism, printing press

Important People from the Renaissance

Painters: Masaccio, Rafael,

Sculptors: Brunelleschi (dome), Donatello, Michelangelo,

Leonardo di Vinci

Humanists: Petrarch (Father), Erasmus, Mirandola

Medici family powerful+sponsors

Machiavelli: godfather of realpolitik - the ends justify the means (inspires figures like Bismarck\*\*\*)

Effects of Renaissance

Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Revolutions, the common person holds more power, weakens church, printing press, Newton, Shakespeare, disrupted noble/clergy (decline of feudalism), INDIVIDUALISM/SECULARISM, *Protestant Reformation*, Europe starts to level with Asia to become center of the world

feudalism

Social/political system where exchanged for loyalty, crops/serf labor and/or military service. Hierarchical structure with the king at the top, the vassals/lords in the middle, and the peasants/retainers at the bottom.

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Comparable to haciendas in Latin America, Serf labor in Russia, engenhos, Japanese Tokugawa, etc

Order of African States Before Colonial Times

Ghana, Mali, Songhai

Reasons for European Population Growth in the High Middle Ages

expansion of arable land, states brought stability/feudalism, new agricultural techniques (heavy plow, horseshoe, etc) new crops through trade

Urbanization (this led urban populations to increasingly resist feudalism)

Zheng He

Chinese eunuch deployed by Yongle with the purpose of displaying the influence of China, acting as police and diplomacy. Commanded one of the largest fleets in history and opened trade relations. EXpeditions ended because of increasing focus on domestic problems (such as nomads to the north)

Prince Henrique the Navigator

Portuguese prince who sailed on the west coast of Africa, outlining further exploration, captured some lands

Bartolomeo Dias

Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, entered Indian Ocean

Why did Portugal emerge as the first exploring country?

New technology like square/lateen sails, Portugal was a tiny country with too much people, not enough resources, looked towars islands and other lands for wealth

like most other countries, was seeking trade and precious resources from Asia, sought other ways to get there besides using Arab intermediaries

Colombus

Italian sponsored by Spanish that explored Americas but sought a westward passage (Santo Domingo), greatly inspired further exploration

Controversial for exploitation of natives for labor, greedy for gold

New Maritime Technology that contributed to the Age of Exploration

Lateen/square sails, caravels (used to transport goods/men), cross/back staffs, magnetic compass, astrolabe, sternpost rudder, volta do mar,

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Important to note that tech caused Age of Exploration as well as political and economic pursuit, sought to avoid Muslim intermediaries

Vasco da Gama

Sailed into Indian Ocean, explored/fought with Swahilis, went to India

In search of “Christians and Spices”

Effects of the Age of Exploration

Discovery of Americas, slavery, Hemispheric trade links, globalization, warfare (7 Years War), Europe became dominat global force, spreads Christianity, genocide,

Harmful to europe bc of inflation

***the age of exploration was also internal; explored their own lost history in Europe as well as the universe/world around them (enlightenment, etc)***

Ferdinand Magellan

first circumnavigator, Portuguese,

Important Explorers

Sir Francis Drake for England, English Captain *James Cook* explored pacific, Hawaii, etc

Albequerque: conqueror who commandedportuguese to take Hormuz and other strategic ports in India and Southeast Asia

How did the Portuguese seek to control the Indian Ocean?

Trading post empire, tried to tax/ make merchants pay for permits, glorified pirates,

Couldn’t really control other traders like Arabs, weakened Swahilis, surpassed by other Europeans, could not and did not seek to monopolize

Peak in 1500s,

Why did the Dutch and English become the dominant exploring powers?

More people, more resources, could sail faster, cheaper and produce more powerful ships, created joint stock companies and more based on colonies than trading post empires like the Portuguese, military support, used both peaceful and violent t means of expansion

Spanish - colonial empire, manila galleons

Mercantilism

Where a mother country exploits colonies for foreign markets, labor, *natural resources*, favorable trade balance (more exports than import

not liked by colonies themselves (nationalism/revolution)

characterized by state-sponsored industries, idea of limited wealth and competition=other nations

Joint Stock Companies

English East India, Dutch VOC, private, commercial organization that shared risk through shares/stocks, brought immense wealth to government as well, unlimited access, not controlled by government

Emerged once the church revised its ban on standard business practices

Seven Years War

Tension built up from exploration and colonization

1756-1763, includes the French and Indian War, many theaters

British and Prussia powerful militaries vs. French, Austria, Russia

Prussia and British win, more efficient in production of weaponry, banking+ economic advantage

Causes of the Seven Years War

Commercial interests, imperialism,

Effects of the Seven Years War

British global hegemony (Canada, India, Florida), *American Revolution*, *French Revolution*, heavy debt, over 1 million deaths, arms race, balance of power,

Colombian Exchange

The Encounter both positive and Negative, huge effect globally

To Old World: New *high calory* crops, animals, leads to population growth, sugar and CASH CROPS, natural resources (timber, SILVER, gold)

To New World: diseases decimate populations, population decline, new crops/animals as well

Martin Luther

German monk from Wittenburg responsible for the start of the Protestant Reformation, revolutionized Chrisitanity because of his unhappiness with the Roman Catholic church, lived around the 1500s

Aided by the Printing Press

Sentiments of Martin Luther

Ban indulgences (people like Tetzel), relics, the church is greedy and just wants to build St. Peters Basilica, no absenteeism or pluralism, close monasteries, translate bible into vernacular, *Ninety-Five Theses, END church hierarchy*

Not meant by Luther as a social movement, rather points of reform for church clergy

Why did people support Martin Luther?

Lay Christians (more than 1/2 of the German population) wanted to save money and reform the church, German princes sought it as an opportunity to exploit and overtake the church and its wealth as well as assert more power over the HRE

Popular in Germany, Low Countries (Scandinavia), Eastern Europe, Switzerland

Effects of the Protestant Reformation

Mainly theological based and directed at church than any other religious skirmishes: direct challenge to papal authority

*paved the way for revolutions in education, politics and science*, Massively weakened church

(Possibly antisemitism)

Anglican Church

Both political and religious. King Henry VIII of England creates the Anglican church and excommunicates from the Roman Catholic church, giving him holy powers as well. Wanted to divorce wife who did not produce heir. Was not too different from Roman Catholic in policies but Protestant doctrines eventually won favor in the Anglican church

Calvinism

French lawyer John Calvin (1509-1564) writes the Institutes of the Christian Religion\*\*\*, codifying Protestant principles and creating a model theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. Missionary center as well