Islam beliefs AQA
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31 Terms
Term for oneness of God + quote belief also repeated in other pillar +quote
Tawhid
”Say. ‘He is God the one, God the eternal. He begot no one nor was He begotten. No one is comparable to Him’” Quran 112:1-4
Shahadah
“There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet”
Sunni and Shia Muslims Beliefs
Sunni Muslims:
v There is only one God.
v Angels communicate the message of gods to humans e.g. The Night Of Power
v The Qur’an is the most important writing and the highest authority in Islam
v Muhammad is the most important prophet to god
v The day of judgement is when all humanity will judged by god and sent to paradise or hell
Shia Muslims:
v There is only one god; he is not made up of different persons
v Prophethood mean accepting that Muhammad is god’s last prophet
v God is just and wise, cannot do wrong, and holds humans accountable for their actions
v The Imamate means accepting that the twelve Imams are the leaders of Islam and guard the truth of the religion without error
v Shia Muslims believe that after death they will be resurrected to be judged by god
why did sunni and shia muslims split
Sunni and Shia Muslims split due to the fact that they could not agree on who the next successor of Islam should be after Muhammad passed. Shia’s believed that Ali should have been the successor whilst Sunni’s believed that Abu Bakr should have been the next successor.
similarities and differences sunni and shia
Similarities | Differences |
Ø Both believed in the oneness of Allah (Tawhid) Ø Both follow the teachings of the Qur’an and Sunnah Ø They agree on the importance of the prophets Ø Same beliefs on Muhammad Ø Same beliefs prior to the death of Muhammad | Ø Sunni’s focus on following prophet’s examples whereas Shia’s focus on Imam’s on Muhammad’s examples Ø Sunni Muslims believe Muhammad did not explicitly declare a successor while Shia Muslims believe Muhammad declare Ali as his successor Ø Sunni’s believe in Caliph Ø Shia’s believe in Imams |
Six articles of faith- Sunni
Angels
Tawhid
prophets of God
day of judgement
supremacy of God’s will
authority of holy books
five roots of Usul ad din - shia
immamate
ressurection
tawhid
prophethood
justice of God
nature of God -7 qualities- definition/explanation/ influence
Quality | Definition | Explanation | Practical Impact/Influence |
1 Immanent | The idea that God is present in, and involved with life on earth and in the universe | Allah is within all things He is close to His creation | Comfort knowing Allah is not far away |
2 transcendent | The idea that god is beyond and outside life on earth and the universe | Allah is beyond life and all things | Knowing nobody is equal to Allah |
3 omnipotent | Almighty, having unlimited power | Allah is sovereign and is in control and has authority | Knowing god is powerful to do anything |
4 beneficent | Benevolent, all loving, all good | Allah loves everyone | Comfort knowing Allah loves them |
5 merciful | Shows compassion or forgiveness to humans | Allah forgives everyone for their sins | Comfort knowing they have many chances from Allah |
6 fairness | The idea that god treats people fairly and impartially without favour | Allah is always treats people without bias | Comfort knowing Allah is just and so hell is accepted and |
7 justice | The idea that god is just and fair | Allah is fair and just of all things | Knows to follow Allah rules to be rewarded for their grace |
quote on nature of God - names
“The most excellent names belong to God use them to call on Him” Qur’an
Sunnah definition
teachings and deeds of Muhammad
Angels key bits + quote
celestial sinless beings who perform different tasks for Allah
one angel on each shoulder to record bad and good deeds
records from angels used on judgement day in the Akirah (afterlife) to determine if you go to hell Jahannam or heaven Jannah
“Praise be to God, Creator of the heavens and earth, who made angels messengers with two, three, four (pairs of) wings.” Qur’an
Jibril and Mika’il
The Angel JIBRIL | The Angel MIKA’IL |
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3 parts of afterlife Akhirah
Temporary life on Earth | Barzakh (the time between this life and the Day of Judgement) | Day of Judgement and eternal life that will follow |
v This life is very short v Humans have to be fully responsible for their actions v All the small deeds of our life are recorded v Most important type of life for Muslims v World will come to an end. Then all humans who have ever existed will have to be judged for their actions | v You are asked the following five questions and have to answer: -How have you spent your life? -How have you spent your youth? -How did you earn your wealth? -How did you spend your wealth? -How did you gain Islamic knowledge? v After death the person who has died still has a conscious existence in the grave. You cannot cross Barzakh or the barrier v As you lie in your grave, Allah sends two angels to question you about your faith | v Judgement is fair and deserved v The judgement made is final – no one can escape it v Everyone will be called to Allah’s presence v Jannah is rewarded and Jahannam is the punishment v On this day everyone will be faced with their good and bad deeds and realise their actions. If believers show sorrow for their failings, Allah will forgive them v People are given new resurrected bodies and their life’s deeds will be read to them . People who are given the book to their right hand will go to heaven and those to their left, will go to hell v After the trumpet has blown the deed are resurrected and face Allah for judgement v The souls are sorted into heaven and hell by crossing the Sirat Bridge which spants the fires of hell. Good people are transported quickly across to enter heaven. |
controversies of Akhirah
§ Goes against the Bismillah – God who is the most merciful and companionate
§ If God knows everything and is all loving, how can he punish someone?
different ways to interpret Akihrah
1 Literal
The Quran is an exact copy of the eternal word of Allah and is without error. Akhirah is the literal post mortem resurrection of the body to inhabit either heaven, full of sensual pleasures, or hell, full of physical torment. Allah is the master of the day of Judgement (Surah 1) and it cannot be questioned.
2 Symbolic
The Quranic descriptors of life after death are symbols/metaphors for God's reward or punishment in the afterlife. They do not refer to actual physical pleasures or punishments but reflect the psychological experiences our soul will have after death.
3 Unethical
The doctrine of Akhirah is unethical. The punishments are too severe and cruel, additionally not everyone has heard of Islam or are in a position to choose the faith so punishing them is unfair. Furthermore, the descriptions of heaven appear misogynistic and inconsistent with the moral conduct expected of Muslims in this life..
Quotes for Akihrah
“a reward for what they used to do” Qur’an
“They will dwell amid schorching wind and scalding water in the shadow of black smoke, neither cool nor refreshing” Qur’an
Predestination arabic term and sunni and shia beliefs and free will
Al Qadr
Sunni Belief in predestination | Shia belief in foreknowledge |
v God’s will is so powerful he can determine everything that is going to happen v God’s point is more omniscience and less emphasis on human freedom v It does not mean people have no choice about how they behave v Some believe that god has already determined everything that will happen in the universe v God writes down everything that will happen in a ‘book of decrees’ v As god creates all things, including the actions of his creatures, so they must act accordingly to his will v ‘Only what god has decreed will happen to us. He is our Master: let the believers put their trust in God’ Quran 9:51 | v They believe God knows everything that is going to happen but he does not decide what is going to happen v For example: a mother knows their child very well and knows in advance what he is going to pick between the choice of a bowl of peas and an ice cream, and she is sure he will pick the ice cream. That’s not to say the boy was forced to eat the ice cream – it was his choice. v This means people still have free will v He can predict but he will not force and control v God is the creator of time so is not bound by it v For God there is no past, present, and future v For God it is like everything had already happened v Human events happen in time due to cause and effect or human free will, but God is outside time v ‘God does not change the conditions of a person(for the worse) unless they change what is in themselves’ Quran 13:11 |
All Muslims believe in Al-Qadr but Sunnis’s think God determines what we do whilst Shia’s think God just only knows what we are going to do. The Quran is not clear as it support both views.
Quotes for predestination and free will
“Only what God has decreed will happen to us” Qur’an
“God does not change the condition of a people (for the worse) unless they change what is in themselves” Qur’an
Prophethood who and story and arabic term for belief in them
Risalah
Adam
- First man on earth and the first prophet of Islam
- Made from clay
- God gave him understanding and Adam in turn passed on his knowledge to the rest of the human race through his descendants, built the Kabah
Ibrahim (PBUH)
- Rebuilt of the Kabah
- Story of Zamzam
o Ibrahim’s wife Hagar run between two hills to search for water for her young son Ishmael. God rewarded her the well
- Sacrifice of Ishmael
o God told Ibrahim to sacrifice his son, he was going to but God
The story of Ibrahim (PBUH)
- Ibrahim destroyed all the idols in the temple when everyone left the town and blamed it on the largest one.
- When the people objected that their idols could not speak, Ibrahim rebuked them, asking why they worshipped statues that cannot speak, hear, see or defend themselves.
- The people were angry and decided to burn him. However, he was unscathed
Muhammad – the seal of the prophets
- Muhammad is not genetically related to any of men but he is a prophet sent by Allah
- Rebuilt the Kabah
- Perfect Muslim
o Sunnah: example how he lived his life
o Hadith: saying of prophet
- Night of power in 610 CE
o Angel Jibril came to him with the message of God, repeating the word Iqra (recite), Jibril then revealed the Qur’an
Quotes for prophethood
Qur’an : “Every community is sent a messenger”
Qur’an 30:20: “One of His signs is that He created you from dust and - lo and behold! - you became human and scattered far and wide.”
Qur’an 33:40: “Muhammad is not the father of any one of you men; he is God’s messenger and the seal of the prophets: God knows everything.”
The Qur’an key bits
- Written in Arabic, read out loud
- Recited by Muhammad
- Bismallah - Name of Allah most gracious and merciful
- Word of Allah - unchanging, inerrant, eternal
- Revealed on the Night of Power, brought to Muhammad by Angel Jibril
why do people read the Qur’an
- Guidance
- To understand God
- Comfort
- Get knowledge
what is hafiz
- People who are able to recite the whole Qur’an from memory
Other holy books
Book/Source of Authority: | The Torah (Tawrat) | The Psalms (Zabur) | The Gospel (Injil) | Sunnah | Hadith |
Definition | The five books revealed by God to Moses | A holy book revealed by God to David | A holy book revealed by God to Jesus | The teachings and deeds of Muhammad | The sayings of Muhammad |
Who were they given/revealed to? | Moses | David | Jesus |
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What are Muslim beliefs about them (key info)? | Given to Moses, mentioned 18 times in the Qur'an, the first five books in the Bible | Revealed to David, mentioned on three occasions on the Qur'an, similar to the Psalms in the Bible | Revealed to Jesus, has been lost but some messages are still found in the Bible, the word Injil occurs 12 times on the Qur'an | Muhammad is the second source of knowledge for Muslims. | They do not have the same authority as the Qur’an as they are not direct revelation from Allah, but are inspired sayings. |
quotes Qur’an
Qur’an 56:77-79: “This is indeed a Holy Qur'an, in a book well-guarded, which none shall touch but those who are clean...”
Qur’an 2:2: “This is the Scripture in which there is no doubt, containing guidance for those who are mindful of God.”
Qur’an 85:21-22: “This is truly a glorious Qur’an [written] on a preserved Tablet.”
definitions of Caliph, imam and imamate
caliph- person considered to be political or religious successor to the prophet muhammad and the leader of the Sunni Mulsim community
imam- a person who leads communal prayer - in shia Islam title given to Ali and his successors
Imamate- the divine apointment of the imams
The imammate key info
- Islam split after the death of Muhammad into two parts
o Ali – Muhammad’s son in law
o Abu Bakr – friend of Muhammad
- Ali and his supporters were murdered
o Shia Muslims support Ali
- Shia Muslims remember this murder at Ashura
- Ali’s son became the leader after the death of Ali
role of imams
- Guiding people, preserving and explaining the divine law
what are the twelvers and what do they believe
- Branch of Shi'a Islam, believes that there have been twelve Imams in total, that the Imams not only rule justly but are able to maintain and interpret the Qur'an and Shariah law without fault
Why do Sunni Muslims object to some Shia beliefs and practices?
- The Wahabi movement within Sunni Islam views the Shi'a practice of visiting and venerating shrines to the Imams of the Prophet's Family and other saints and scholars as heretical.
Human responsibilities and ressurection key bits
Muslims believe that they will remain in their graves until this day, which is called by different names:
- the Day of Resurrection (yawm al-Qiyamah)
- the Day of Judgement (yawm ad-din)
- the Last Hour (as-sa’a)
Allah will judge a person’s actions as well as their faith – believers will be forgiven for their sins and go to Heaven, those who do not believe will go to Hell.
The belief in the Day of Judgement means believing that this life is a test and Allah determines everything, even human free will. However, humans are still responsible and held accountable for their actions.
Human responsibilities and ressurection quotes
Qur’an 39:70: “Of the good that they do nothing will be rejected of them; for Allah knoweth well those that do right.”
Qur’an 83:4-6: “Do not these think that they shall be raised again, for a mighty day, the day on which men shall stand before the Lord of the worlds?”
Qur’an 4:87: “Allah, there is no god but He – He will most certainly gather you together on the resurrection day, there is no doubt in it; and who is more true in word than Allah?”
Qur’an 30:19: “He brings forth the living from the dead and brings forth the dead from the living, and gives life to the earth after its death, and thus shall you be brought forth.”