Unit 5 AP Human Geography Final

Intensive farming examples

Mixed crop and livestock, market gardening, plantation

Extensive land use examples

Pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation, ranching

What does shifting cultivation involve?

Slash and burn

Extensive land use agriculture

Little input (labor, pesticides) and output per square acre

Intensive agriculture

Lots of input (labor, pesticides) and output per square acre

Is intensive agriculture mostly in more or less developed countries?

More developed countries

Is extensive land use mostly in more or less developed countries?

Less developed countries

Agriculture began spreading through

contagious diffusion

Plantation agriculture

Growing specialized crops in large amounts of land using lots of labor and machinery

Mixed crop/livestock systems

The combined farming of crops and livestock used to improve nutrient cycling and increase income.

Shifting cultivation

Rotational farming where lots of land is needed, so it's with fire and regenerates after a few years

Ranching

Farming for the raising of livestock

Field terracing

Labor intensive agriculture where steps are made on sloping land to prevent rainfall runoff

Nomadic herding

Moving from place to place to raise livestock

People's diets depend on

Their location

Clustered rural settlements

Houses are situated close to each other and fields surround the them

Shifting cultivation can be effective in areas with dense \____________ and \_______ \_______

Vegetation, poor soil

Traditional farming

Doesn't use GMOS, pesticides, advanced machinery

Dispersed rural settlements

Houses are on individual farms, isolated from neighbors

Linear rural settlements

Houses are along roads or rivers

Metes and bounds

Irregular plots of land based on rivers or lakes

Metes and bounds are normally found on the \_________

East coast

Township and range

Grid like plots of land

Long-lot is mostly found in \____________

French areas

Township and range is normally found in the \______________

Midwest

Long-lot

Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals

First Agricultural Revolution

When people stopped hunting and gathering and began domesticating animals and planting crops

Agricultural hearths

Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, South America, and Latin America

True or false: All of the hearths are independent of one another

True

Southwest Asia Crops

Lentils and olives

Sub-Saharan Africa Crops

Sorghum, yams and millet

East Asia Crops

Rice and water chestnut

Central and South Asia Crops

Rice and grains

Latin America Crops

Corn

Agriculture spread through \______________ to start and later \______________ diffusion

Contagious, relocation

2nd Agricultural Revolution coincided with \___________________

The Industrial Revolution

When did the 2nd Agricultural Revolution take place?

1600s to 1800s

Two products of the 2nd Agricultural Revolution

Crop rotation and selective breeding of livestock

What did the 2nd Agricultural Revolution cause?

Increased food production, longer life, better diets, better harvests, fewer farmers

When did the Green Revolution occur?

1950s to 1990s

Where did the Green Revolution start?

Mexico and India

What did the Green Revolution cause?

High yield seeds, increased use of fertilizers, improvements in technology, GMOs, more modern machinery

Pros of the Green Revolution

Increased food production, disprove Neo-Malthusians, lowered costs of food, less land needed for agriculture

Cons of Green Revolution

Pesticides, loss of soil fertility, erosion of soil, water pollution, global warming, increases to human disease, limited achievements in some area (Sub-Saharan Africa)

Subsistence agriculture

Farmers grow food to meet needs of themselves and their families

Commercial agriculture

Production of food primarily for sale off the farm

Subsistence agriculture is normally found in

Developing countries

Commercial agriculture is normally found in

Developed countries

Does commercial or subsistence farming use more workers?

Subsistence

Why is commercial farming more popular than subsistence farming?

Countries are developed enough that not everybody has to make their own food

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture where you integrate different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Agribusiness is apart of \______

Commodity chains

Trends of farms in the US

The number of farms is going down but the size is growing, farmers are taking advantage of buying in bulk with machinery GMOs and pesticides, and the commerical industry is growing

Monocropping

Growing a staple crop on the same field year after year

While monocropping is \________ for the soil, it is \__________ \_____________ for farmers

bad, economically stable

Intercropping

Growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot

Why is intercropping used?

To try and produce greater yields on small pieces of land

Monocropping is normally seen on \______________ farms

Commercial

Traditional farming examples

Shifting cultivation and field terracing

What type of agriculture occurs in warm zones?

Commercial, mixed crop/livestock, Mediterranean, plantation, ranching, and grain

What type of agriculture occurs in tropical zones?

Wet rice dominant, shifting cultivation

What type of agriculture occurs in dry zones?

Pastoral nomadism, ranching, grain

What type of agriculture occurs in highland zones?

Pastoral nomadism

What type of agriculture occurs in cold zones?

Mixed crop/livestock, ranching, dairy, pastoral nomadism

Economy of scale

The cost per unit of weight decreases as the size of the shipment increases

Carry capacity

The largest population that an area can support

Commercial farming allows the carrying capacity to...

Increase

When a business grows, the manufacturing costs \__________

Decrease

True or false: Conglomerates have more power in federal government than small companies do

True

Commodity chains

Companies are in charge of food from start to finish

Global supply chain 1st step

Somebody who plans out how the plan for producing and selling the product (mostly on computer)

Global supply chain 2nd step

How will we create the product?

Global supply chain 3rd step

How will we collect the product?

Global supply chain 5th step

How do we transport the product?

Global supply chain 4th step

How will we prepare the product?

Global supply chain 6th step

How will we get the product to consumers?

True or false: food trade is becoming more and more popular

True

Most agricultural products come from the \______________ hemisphere and get imported by the \______________ hemisphere

Western, eastern

What do developing nations do with food production?

Export crops rather than feed their own population

Why are developing nations okay with ruining their land?

The people in power only care about money because they won't be in power for very long

A big problem with wheat production is...

Water use

Von Thunen Model

We produce food based on the cost of the land and transportation cost

First ring of Von Thunen's model

Market gardening and dairy farming

Why is the first ring of the Von Thunen's model where it is?

So the dairy doesn't spoil and because market gardening doesn't need much land

Second ring of Von Thunen's model

Forests

Why is the second ring of the Von Thunen's model where it is?

It's expensive to carry to the cities (so it needs to be close)

Third ring of Von Thunen's model

Grains and field crops

Why is the third ring of the Von Thunen's model where it is?

They're lighter, the food won't spoil, and the land is cheaper so you can buy more

Fourth ring of Von Thunen model

Ranching and livestock

Why is the fourth ring of the Von Thunen's model where it is?

It needs lots of cheap land

Why don't we use the Von Thunen model as much anymore?

Better transportation and because suburbs can cost more than cities

What do people use instead of the Von Thunen Model?

The Bid-Rent Theory

Bid-Rent Theory

We produce food based on the cost of the land

Women in agriculture in developing countries

Women and kids are doing subsistence farming in the fields because the men are doing other things to make more money

Women in agriculture in developed countries

Women are doing agribusiness (chemical use, shipments, etc...)

Land cover change agriculture

Slash and burn creating barren land

Desertification agriculture

Drying out soil

Soil salinization agriculture

Poor irrigation causes higher salt content in water

Pollution through agriculture

Pesticides going into water, methane from cows, smoke from machinery

Biotechnology

Using science to modify plants and animals