Studied by 2 people
Intensive farming examples
Mixed crop and livestock, market gardening, plantation
Extensive land use examples
Pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation, ranching
What does shifting cultivation involve?
Slash and burn
Extensive land use agriculture
Little input (labor, pesticides) and output per square acre
Intensive agriculture
Lots of input (labor, pesticides) and output per square acre
Is intensive agriculture mostly in more or less developed countries?
More developed countries
Is extensive land use mostly in more or less developed countries?
Less developed countries
Agriculture began spreading through
contagious diffusion
Plantation agriculture
Growing specialized crops in large amounts of land using lots of labor and machinery
Mixed crop/livestock systems
The combined farming of crops and livestock used to improve nutrient cycling and increase income.
Shifting cultivation
Rotational farming where lots of land is needed, so it's with fire and regenerates after a few years
Ranching
Farming for the raising of livestock
Field terracing
Labor intensive agriculture where steps are made on sloping land to prevent rainfall runoff
Nomadic herding
Moving from place to place to raise livestock
People's diets depend on
Their location
Clustered rural settlements
Houses are situated close to each other and fields surround the them
Shifting cultivation can be effective in areas with dense ____________ and _______ _______
Vegetation, poor soil
Traditional farming
Doesn't use GMOS, pesticides, advanced machinery
Dispersed rural settlements
Houses are on individual farms, isolated from neighbors
Linear rural settlements
Houses are along roads or rivers
Metes and bounds
Irregular plots of land based on rivers or lakes
Metes and bounds are normally found on the _________
East coast
Township and range
Grid like plots of land
Long-lot is mostly found in ____________
French areas
Township and range is normally found in the ______________
Midwest
Long-lot
Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals
First Agricultural Revolution
When people stopped hunting and gathering and began domesticating animals and planting crops
Agricultural hearths
Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, South America, and Latin America
True or false: All of the hearths are independent of one another
True
Southwest Asia Crops
Lentils and olives
Sub-Saharan Africa Crops
Sorghum, yams and millet
East Asia Crops
Rice and water chestnut
Central and South Asia Crops
Rice and grains
Latin America Crops
Corn
Agriculture spread through ______________ to start and later ______________ diffusion
Contagious, relocation
2nd Agricultural Revolution coincided with ___________________
The Industrial Revolution
When did the 2nd Agricultural Revolution take place?
1600s to 1800s
Two products of the 2nd Agricultural Revolution
Crop rotation and selective breeding of livestock
What did the 2nd Agricultural Revolution cause?
Increased food production, longer life, better diets, better harvests, fewer farmers
When did the Green Revolution occur?
1950s to 1990s
Where did the Green Revolution start?
Mexico and India
What did the Green Revolution cause?
High yield seeds, increased use of fertilizers, improvements in technology, GMOs, more modern machinery
Pros of the Green Revolution
Increased food production, disprove Neo-Malthusians, lowered costs of food, less land needed for agriculture
Cons of Green Revolution
Pesticides, loss of soil fertility, erosion of soil, water pollution, global warming, increases to human disease, limited achievements in some area (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Subsistence agriculture
Farmers grow food to meet needs of themselves and their families
Commercial agriculture
Production of food primarily for sale off the farm
Subsistence agriculture is normally found in
Developing countries
Commercial agriculture is normally found in
Developed countries
Does commercial or subsistence farming use more workers?
Subsistence
Why is commercial farming more popular than subsistence farming?
Countries are developed enough that not everybody has to make their own food
Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture where you integrate different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
Agribusiness is apart of ______
Commodity chains
Trends of farms in the US
The number of farms is going down but the size is growing, farmers are taking advantage of buying in bulk with machinery GMOs and pesticides, and the commerical industry is growing
Monocropping
Growing a staple crop on the same field year after year
While monocropping is ________ for the soil, it is __________ _____________ for farmers
bad, economically stable
Intercropping
Growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot
Why is intercropping used?
To try and produce greater yields on small pieces of land
Monocropping is normally seen on ______________ farms
Commercial
Traditional farming examples
Shifting cultivation and field terracing
What type of agriculture occurs in warm zones?
Commercial, mixed crop/livestock, Mediterranean, plantation, ranching, and grain
What type of agriculture occurs in tropical zones?
Wet rice dominant, shifting cultivation
What type of agriculture occurs in dry zones?
Pastoral nomadism, ranching, grain
What type of agriculture occurs in highland zones?
Pastoral nomadism
What type of agriculture occurs in cold zones?
Mixed crop/livestock, ranching, dairy, pastoral nomadism
Economy of scale
The cost per unit of weight decreases as the size of the shipment increases
Carry capacity
The largest population that an area can support
Commercial farming allows the carrying capacity to...
Increase
When a business grows, the manufacturing costs __________
Decrease
True or false: Conglomerates have more power in federal government than small companies do
True
Commodity chains
Companies are in charge of food from start to finish
Global supply chain 1st step
Somebody who plans out how the plan for producing and selling the product (mostly on computer)
Global supply chain 2nd step
How will we create the product?
Global supply chain 3rd step
How will we collect the product?
Global supply chain 5th step
How do we transport the product?
Global supply chain 4th step
How will we prepare the product?
Global supply chain 6th step
How will we get the product to consumers?
True or false: food trade is becoming more and more popular
True
Most agricultural products come from the ______________ hemisphere and get imported by the ______________ hemisphere
Western, eastern
What do developing nations do with food production?
Export crops rather than feed their own population
Why are developing nations okay with ruining their land?
The people in power only care about money because they won't be in power for very long
A big problem with wheat production is...
Water use
Von Thunen Model
We produce food based on the cost of the land and transportation cost
First ring of Von Thunen's model
Market gardening and dairy farming
Why is the first ring of the Von Thunen's model where it is?
So the dairy doesn't spoil and because market gardening doesn't need much land
Second ring of Von Thunen's model
Forests
Why is the second ring of the Von Thunen's model where it is?
It's expensive to carry to the cities (so it needs to be close)
Third ring of Von Thunen's model
Grains and field crops
Why is the third ring of the Von Thunen's model where it is?
They're lighter, the food won't spoil, and the land is cheaper so you can buy more
Fourth ring of Von Thunen model
Ranching and livestock
Why is the fourth ring of the Von Thunen's model where it is?
It needs lots of cheap land
Why don't we use the Von Thunen model as much anymore?
Better transportation and because suburbs can cost more than cities
What do people use instead of the Von Thunen Model?
The Bid-Rent Theory
Bid-Rent Theory
We produce food based on the cost of the land
Women in agriculture in developing countries
Women and kids are doing subsistence farming in the fields because the men are doing other things to make more money
Women in agriculture in developed countries
Women are doing agribusiness (chemical use, shipments, etc...)
Land cover change agriculture
Slash and burn creating barren land
Desertification agriculture
Drying out soil
Soil salinization agriculture
Poor irrigation causes higher salt content in water
Pollution through agriculture
Pesticides going into water, methane from cows, smoke from machinery
Biotechnology
Using science to modify plants and animals
Note
Flashcard