For Epidemiology (copy)

Case

An individual who meets the criteria for the disease or condition being investigated during the outbreak.

Confirmed Case

A person diagnosed with the disease based on laboratory tests or other scientific evidence.

Probable Case

A person who shows symptoms of the disease but may not yet have confirmed laboratory results.

Suspected Case

A person exhibiting symptoms or exposure to the disease but not yet diagnosed.

Case Definition

A set of standardized criteria used to classify and count cases during an outbreak.

Endemic

A disease consistently present in a particular population or geographic area over time.

Epidemic

A sudden increase in cases of a disease beyond what is normally expected in a specific area.

Pandemic

An epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or continents, affecting a large proportion of the global population.

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease that develop in a specific population during a certain time period.

Prevalence

The total number of cases of a disease present in a population at a specific point in time.

Mortality Rate

Measures the number of deaths in a population within a set period.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person can expect to live.

Case Fatality Rate

Calculates the percentage of people with a disease who die from it.

Proportionate Mortality Rate

Measures the percentage of total deaths due to a specific cause within a population.

Cohort Study

A study design that follows a group to see who develops a disease based on exposure status.

Case-Control Study

A retrospective study comparing individuals with a disease to those without to identify risk factors.

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

Experimental studies investigating the effect of a treatment by randomly assigning participants to groups.

Cross-Sectional Study

A study design that collects data at one point in time, measuring both exposure and outcome simultaneously.

Ecological Study

A type of cross-sectional study examining population-level data instead of individual data.

Observational Study

Research that observes relationships between exposure and outcome without interference.

Experimental Study

Research where researchers assign exposures to participants and control variables, establishing causation.

Analytic Epidemiology

Focuses on causes and risk factors by examining relationships between risk factors and outcomes.

Descriptive Epidemiology

Focuses on describing health events in populations, including patterns and trends.

Longitudinal Study

A research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods.