Biology: 2.1-2.5

General carbohydrate formula

C x (H2O) y

Metabolism

The synthesis and breaking down of energy and molecules to sustain the needs of the cell

Anabolism

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones

Catabolism

the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule

Which features distinguish between glucose and ribose molecules?

Ribose has five carbon atoms while glucose has six.

Chemical formula for urea

CO(NH₂)₂

Example of a macromolecule

Polypeptides

Monosaccharides

monomers of carbohydrates

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

How are disaccharides formed?

condensation reaction

Glycosylic bond

Bond between 2 monosaccharides during condensation reaction to form disaccharides + 1 water molecule

glycosidic bond vs peptide bond

A glycosidic bond is between monosaccharides, peptide bond is between amino acids

What is maltose made of

glucose + glucose

What is sucrose made of

glucose + fructose

What is lactose made of

glucose + galactose

Starch function

storage in plants (glucose polysaccharide)

Starch types

Amylose: Helix, pleated Amylopectin: Branched

Glycogen function

storage in humans (glucose polysaccharide, branched)

Cellulose function

plant structure (glucose polysaccharide)

Collagen function

skin + bone structure

difference in bonding between starch and cellulose

Starch monomers face the same way so it forms a helical shape whereas cellulose monomers alternate direction, making it linear

lipid characteristics

nonpolar, hydrophobic

Which has more energy, carbs, lipids or proteins

Lipids

BMI formula

Weight (kg)/ height squared (m)

Functions of proteins

enzymes, hormones, protein pumps, receptors, agents of the immune system, structural element

Basic unit of polypeptide

Amino acid

Importance of R group

R-group affects how molecules interact with one another, affecting how they fold up and 3d structure (aka conformation)

Primary structure

sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

Forming of chains to form beta pleated sheets and/or alpha helixes

Tertiary structure

When polypeptide chains fold and pleat

Characteristics of globular protein

Soluble in water, complex polypeptide chains

Characteristics of fibrous protein

Insoluble, long polypeptide chains

Denaturation

Protein unravels, losing secondary, tertiary, maybe quaternary structures

Urea

How does oxygen travel in blood?

As it is non-polar, it binds to the hemoglobin in RBC

How do fats travel in blood?

As they are non-polar, they bind to lipoproteins

How to identify a lipid

2 or 3 hydrocarbon chains, hexagons or pentagons, or zigzag lines

Which tribe was an anomaly to linking CHD and saturated fats positively?

Massai of Kenya

How many chains does a chain of amino acids need to be considered a polypeptide?

Over 40. Until then, it’s a peptide.

Function of rubisco

Enzyme that catalyses photosynthesis

Function of insulin

Hormone that binds to receptors so that cells absorb surrounding glucose and decrease blood glucose concentration

Function of immunoglobins

Antibodies

Function of rhodopsin

Pigment that retina light-sensitive

Function of collagen

Structural protein that prevents skin from tearing and bones from breaking

Spider silk

Structural protein that has high tensile strength to catch pray

What are immobilized enzymes

Enzymes that are attached to another material to restrict their movement in products. Reaction can be controlled by only leaving a few enzymes free at once and reusing others.

How is lactose free milk

Milk run through alginate beads that contain lactase