Glycolysis
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What are the two types of metabolism?
Catabolism (breakdown, produces ATP); Anabolism (synthesis, consumes ATP)
What is metabolism?
The network of enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions in cells.
Which tissues depend heavily on glucose?
Brain and RBCs.
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
Mouth.
Which enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion?
Salivary amylase.
What bond does salivary amylase hydrolyze?
α-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
What bond cannot be hydrolyzed by salivary amylase?
α-1,6 glycosidic bonds.
Where does pancreatic amylase act?
Small intestine.
Which enzyme digests α-1,6 bonds?
Isomaltase.
Name the four brush-border disaccharidases.
Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase, Isomaltase.
What causes lactose intolerance?
Lactase deficiency.
Why does lactose intolerance cause diarrhea?
Osmotic effect causes water retention, increased bowel motility, bloating, and diarrhea.
Where is GLUT1 found?
RBCs, brain, placenta, cardiac muscle.
Where is GLUT2 found?
Liver and small intestine.
Where is GLUT4 found?
Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
Which GLUT transporter is insulin dependent?
GLUT4.
Which GLUT transporter transports fructose?
GLUT5.
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol.
What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis?
Pyruvate.
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate.
How many ATP are used in glycolysis?
2 ATP.
How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?
4 ATP.
What is the net ATP yield of glycolysis?
2 ATP.
Name the three irreversible enzymes of glycolysis.
Hexokinase/Glucokinase, PFK-1, Pyruvate kinase.
Where is hexokinase found?
Most tissues.
Where is glucokinase found?
Liver.
Which enzyme has a low Km?
Hexokinase.
Which enzyme has a high Km?
Glucokinase.
Which enzyme is inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?
Hexokinase.
Is glucokinase inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?
No.
Which hormone induces glucokinase synthesis?
Insulin.
What is the committed step of glycolysis?
PFK-1 reaction.
Which enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
PFK-1.
Which enzyme converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
Hexokinase/Glucokinase.
Which enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?
Phosphoglucose isomerase.
Which enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?
PFK-1.
Which enzyme splits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?
Aldolase.
Which enzyme converts DHAP to GAP?
Triose phosphate isomerase.
Which enzyme converts GAP to 1,3-BPG?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Which enzyme converts 1,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate?
Phosphoglycerate kinase.
Which enzyme converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate?
Phosphoglycerate mutase.
Which enzyme converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate?
Enolase.
Which enzyme converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate?
Pyruvate kinase.
Which enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?
Lactate dehydrogenase.
Why is lactate dehydrogenase important?
It regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.
Which tissues perform significant anaerobic glycolysis?
RBCs, lymphocytes, kidney medulla, exercising skeletal muscle.
Which enzyme is inhibited by fluoride?
Enolase.
Which enzyme is inhibited by arsenate?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Which enzyme is inhibited by iodoacetate?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
What is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
Where does pyruvate dehydrogenase act?
Mitochondria.
Is the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction reversible?
No.
Why is pyruvate dehydrogenase called the bridge reaction?
It links glycolysis to the TCA cycle.
List the five cofactors required by pyruvate dehydrogenase.
TPP (B1), Lipoic acid, Coenzyme A (B5), FAD (B2), NAD+ (B3).
Where does the TCA cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix.
Which TCA enzyme is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Succinate dehydrogenase.
What are the main products of the TCA cycle?
NADH, FADH2, GTP, CO2.
Does the TCA cycle directly use oxygen?
No. Oxygen is used in the electron transport chain.
Which enzyme is the glucose sensor of the liver?
Glucokinase.
Which transporter is responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake?
GLUT4.
Which enzyme breaks α-1,6 glycosidic bonds?
Isomaltase.
Which enzyme deficiency causes lactose intolerance?
Lactase.
Which pathway bridges glucose metabolism to the TCA cycle?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.
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