NUTRITION, METABOLISM, AND BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION REVIEWER

Nutrition

the process by which food is taken into and used by the body

Nutrients

are the chemicals taken into the body that provide a balanced diet consists of enough nutrients in

Essential Nutrients

nutrients that must be ingested because the body cannot manufacture them—or it cannot manufacture them in adequate amounts.

MyPlate

icon shows a plate and glass with portions representing foods from the fruits,

vegetables, grains, proteins, and dairy food groups.

Calorie

the amount of energy required to raise the temp.

of 1 gram of water 1o C

Kilocalorie 

1000 calories

CARBOHYDRATES

Contain C, H, O

H:O is a 2:1 ratio

Example - C6H12O6

 Include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and

polysaccharides

Monosaccharide

simple sugar (1 sugar)

Example - glucose and fructose

Disaccharide

2 sugars

Example - glucose + fructose = sucrose

Example - glucose + galactose=lactose

Polysaccharide

many sugars

Example - starch, grain, vegetables, glycogen

Simple Carbohydrates

no nutritional value

cause weight gain

Example - candy and soft drinks (9 tea. sugar)

Recommended amount: sparingl

Complex Carbohydrates

 Example - whole grains, pastas, rice, bread

 Recommended amount: at every meal

 Serving 1 piece of bread, ½ cup uncooked pasta

fiber

helps decrease colon cancer and heart disease

Lipids

totally or partially insoluble in water

Triglycerides

the most common type of lipid

Saturated fats

found in meat, dairy products, eggs, nuts, coconut oil, and palm oil.

Monounsaturated fats

include olive and peanut oils.

Polyunsaturated fats

found in fish, safflower, sunflower, and corn oils.

Unsaturated Fats

“better” for us

liquid at room temp

Saturated Fats

“bad” for us

solid at room temp.

Trans

processed fats and oils
raise LDL and lower HDL
increase heart disease

Cholesterol

a steroid

high conc. in brain, liver, egg yolks, whole milk,

cheese, butter, meats

LDL cholesterol

low density lipoprotein

“bad” cholesterol

carries cholesterol from liver to cells

HDL cholesterol

high density lipoprotein

“good” cholesterol

 carries cholesterol from cells to liver

 (processed)

 increase HDL through exercise

sparingly, 300mg/day

Recommended amount:

______ for saturated fats

cholesterol ____mg/day (1 egg yolk)

Lipids

cause weight gain and heart disease

increase risk of colon and pancreatic cancer

Proteins

are chains of amino acids and are found in most of the plant and animal products eaten.

two groups of protein

essential and nonessential amino acids.

complete protein food

contains all nine essential amino acids in the needed proportions,

incomplete protein food

does not contains all nine essential amino acids in the needed proportions,

2 to 3 oz

1 to 2 servings dairy group; 1 to 3 servings

nuts/beans;

0 to 2 servings fish, poultry, eggs; red

meat sparingly,.

Serving ? to _ oz.

Vitamins

Organic molecules in small quantities in food needed for metabolism

deficiency disease

Absence of vitamins results in?

A, D, E, K

Fat soluble vitamins include

B-complex and C

Water soluble include?

Recommended dietary allowances

The Food and Nutrition Board established the

____________. which are the nutrient intakes that are sufficient

to meet the needs of nearly all people in certain age and gender groups

Vitamin A (Retinol)

from provitamin carotene found in yellow and green vegetables

Vitamin A (Retinol)

necessary for rhodopsin synthesis, normal health of epithelial cells, and bone and tooth growth

Vitamin A (Retinol)

deficiency causes rhodopsin deficiency, night blindness, retarded growth

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

found in yeast, grains, and milk

involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism; necessary for growth

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

deficiency causes beriberi—muscle weakness (including cardiac muscle), neuritis, and paralysis

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

found in green vegetables, liver, wheat germ, milk,

and eggs

component of flavin adenine dinucleotide; involved

in citric acid cycle

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

deficiency causes eye disorders and skin cracking, especially at corners of the mouth

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

deficiency causes pellagra—diarrhea, dermatitis, and nervous system disorder

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid )

Intestinal bacteria constituent of coenzyme-A; glucose production

from lipids and amino acids; steroid hormone synthesis

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid )

deficiency causes neuromuscular dysfunction and fatigue

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

involved in amino acid metabolism

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

deficiency causes dermatitis, retarded growth, and nausea

Vitamin B7 (Biotin )

fatty acid and nucleic acid synthesis; movement of pyruvic acid into citric acid cycle

Vitamin B7 (Biotin )

deficiency causes mental and muscle

dysfunction, fatigue, and nausea

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

bacteria nucleic acid synthesis; hematopoiesis; prevents birth defects

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

deficiency causes macrocytic anemia (enlarged redblood cells) and spina bifida

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins)

necessary for red blood cell production, some nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins)

deficiency causes pernicious anemia and nervous system disorders

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

found in citrus fruit, tomatoes, and green

vegetables

collagen synthesis; general protein metabolism

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

deficiency causes scurvy—defective bone formation and poor wound healing

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

provitamin D converted by sunlight to cholecalciferol in the skin
promotes calcium and phosphorus use; normal growth and bone and tooth formation

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

deficiency causes rickets—poorly developed, weak bones, osteomalacia; bone reabsorption

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

found in wheat germ; cottonseed, palm, and

rice oils; grain; liver; and lettuce

prevents oxidation of cell membranes and DNA

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

deficiency causes hemolysis of red blood cells

Vitamin K (phylloquinone)

found in alfalfa, liver, spinach, vegetable oils, cabbage, and intestinal bacteria

required for synthesis of a number of clotting factors

Minerals

inorganic nutrients that are essential for normal metabolic functions.

Daily Values

Appear on food labels to help people eat

healthy

Based on 2000 kilocalorie diet

Daily Values

60% carbs, 30% total fats, 10% sat. fats, 10%

proteins

Used to calculate Percent Daily Value

Reference Daily Intakes

are based on the

1968 RDAs for certain vitamins and minerals

Daily Reference Values

are set for total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, sodium, potassium,

and protein.

Metabolism

is the total of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Catabolism

the energy-releasing process by which large molecules are broken

down into smaller ones.

Anabolism

is the energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger ones.

Anabolism

energy-requiring process

Example - ADP + P → ATP

Catabolism

energy-releasing process

Example - ATP → ADP + P

Adenosine Triphosphate

Energy carrier

Energy is released when ATP is broken down

Some ATP is produced in the cytoplasm

Most ATP is produced in the mitochondria

Monosaccharides

are the breakdown products of carbohydrate digestion, with the most important

being glucose.

Glycolysis

is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the cytoplasm.

It results in the breakdown of glucose to two

pyruvic acid molecules.

Anaerobic Respiration

is the breakdown of glucose in the absence of O2.

Anaerobic Respiration

results in the production of two molecules of lactate and two molecules of ATP

Glycolysis, Lactate formation

Two Phases of Anaerobic Respiration

Glycolysis

glucose undergoes several reactions to produce two

 pyruvic acid molecules, two

 ATP, and two NADH.

Lactate formation

 pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid and converted

 to lactate, the ionized form of lactic acid

Aerobic Respiration

is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of O2 to produce CO2, water, and 38 molecules of ATP.

Triglycerides

are body’s main energy storage molecules

Mitochondria

Where does Metabolism occurs?

Absorptive state

 period immediately after a meal

 nutrients absorbed through intestinal wall

 into circulation and lymphatic systems

 4 hours after meal

 glucose goes to cells and some glycogen and fat

 fats into adipose

 amino acids used in protein synthesis

Postabsorptive state

 late in morning, late afternoon, or night after

absorptive state

 blood glucose levels maintained by converting

molecules to glucose

 first source glucose is liver

 triglycerides converted to glucose

 amino acids converted to glucose

Metabolic Rate

total amount of energy produced and use in body per unit of time

basal metabolic rate

energy needed to keep resting body functional

Metabolic Rate

used to determine amount of kilocalories need per day

98.6 F, or 37 C

Average body temp. is?

Body Temperature Regulation

Maintained by balancing heat input with heat loss

 Amount of heat exchanged between environment

 and body is determined by difference in temps

Sweat Glands and skeletal muscles

Involved in Body Temperature Regulation

Homeostasis

occurs by a negative feedback system

hypothalamus

is the control center monitoring body temperature

Radiation

gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between 2

objects not in physical contact

Example - sun, hot sand, snow

Conduction

exchange of heat between objects that in direct

contact

Example - contact of the bottom of the feet and the

Ground

Convection

transfer of heat between body and air or

water

 Example - cool breeze over body

Evaporation

conversion of water from liquid to gas

 Example - water from body surface