England chapter 24 - the monarchy restored

Weakness of Richard Cromwell’s protectorate - finance

Cost of war put strain on government

Army pay in arrears

Weaknesses of Richard Cromwell’s Protectorate - divisions

3rd Prot Parl had diverse opinions (civilian Cromwellians, army men, republicans, etc) - caused divisions

Wallingford house faction

Opposition group made of grandees (e.g. Desborough) - led by Fleetwood

Wallingford house faction - opinion on Richard Cromwell

Initially supported him - later opposed him

Why did the Wallingford House faction oppose R. Cromwell?

They wanted army payment + for grandees to be seen as a political force in England

What did Richard allow 3rd Prot Parl to discuss?

Limiting the number of soldiers in the army + reducing religious toleration

Who did this anger?

Army grandees

What did the grandees do?

Mobilised soldiers in London

When was 3rd Prot Parl dissolved?

22 April 1659

Who forced Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament + put him under house arrest?

General Desborough

What was the army divided about?

Continuing the protectorate

Who supported the continuation of the Protectorate?

Fleetwood + Desborough

Who was seen as a possibly successor as Protector? Why?

Lambert - because he returned to the army council

Why were some opposed to continuing the Protectorate?

It was too monarchical - they wanted the Rump to return

What did the anti-Protectorate faction do?

Stirred up dissent among low-rank religious independents (e.g. Fifth Monarchists)

What did this force grandees to do?

Recall the Rump

When was the Rump re-opened?

7 May 1659

Was the Rump stronger or weaker than before?

Weaker - had 78 eligible MPs (only 42 attended the Rump’s reopening

Why was the legitimacy of the Rump questionable?

Because it had been initially created by an army coup, and was now being recalled by the army

Why was the Protectorate different to the Rump?

The Protectorate was more constitutional

When was Booth’s Rising?

Aug 1659

Where were Royalist uprisings planned?

Cheshire, Oxfordshire + Surrey - only Cheshire rising went through

Who was George Booth?

Former Parliamentarian - became Royalist after being excluded from Parliament by Pride’s Purge

Who defeated Booth? Where and when?

Lambert put down uprising at Battle of Winnington Bridge (19 Aug 16599)

What did Haselrig attempt to do?

Expel grandees from the army

What happened on 13 October 1659?

Lambert returned to London, surrounded Westminster + dissolved the Rump

What was the Committee of Safety?

An interim government

When was it set up?

27 Oct 1659

Who was the leader of the Committee of Safety?

Fleetwood

Who were some members of the Committee?

Bulstrode, Whitelock, Henry Vane Jr, Ludlow, Desborough, Lambert + John Ireton (Henry Ireton’s brother)

Who actively opposed the Committee?

Conservative forces in London (e.g. attacks on NMA)

How did the Committee react to opposition?

Reluctantly - allowed dissent to spread more

What were there demands for?

The return of the excluded members from Pride’s Purge

What happened in December 1659?

Fleetwood resigned + Committee of Safety shut down

When did the Rump return?

26 Dec 1659

What issue did the Rump face?

It was out of touch with public sentiment (most people just wanted the turbulent era of the 1640s-50s to end)

Who was General George Monck?

Commander of NMA forces in Scotland

When did Monck enter England?

1 Jan 1660

What political view was Monck?

Moderate

What happened in Yorkshire during Monck’s march?

He joined with Fairfax’s forces + started to march to London

What did Lambert do?

Raised troops to oppose Monck + Fairfax

Why did this fail?

Lambert’s rank-and-file troops were unwilling to fight

What did Monck allow?

Allowed Rump to reinstate the excluded MPs from Pride’s purge

What role did Monck give himself?

Commander-in-Chief of all forces in all 3 kingdoms

What did the Long Parliament do on 16 March 1660?

With members recalled, it dissolved itself to allow fresh elections

What did the failure of the Committee of Safety do?

Gave Charles Stuart hope of returning as monarch

Who did Charles get on his side?

‘Presbyterian Knot’ (e.g. Denzil Holles) - through negotiations with John Mordaunt

What did the Presbyterian Knot want?

A settlement with a king who would honour Parliament’s privileges + rule with wise councillors

Who did Monck and Charles negotiate through?

Sir John Grenville

What was the declaration of Breda?

Proposals drawn up by Charles + his advisors (Hyde, Marquis of Ormond + Edward Nicholas) for Charles’ return as king

What were the key terms of the Declaration of Breda?

• Indemnity for all for actions in Civil War (except the people that signed Charles I’s death warrant)

• Religious toleration for Protestants

• Payment of army arrears

When was the declaration sent to Parliament?

4 April 1660

When was the ‘Convention Parliament’ created?

25 Apr 1660

What was the Convention Parliament?

The new Parliament created by the new elections after Long Parl dissolved

When was Charles announced as king?

8 may 1660