HESP 403 Final Exam

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what are sonorant consonants?

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144 Terms

1

what are sonorant consonants?

nasals /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

lateral /l/

retroflex /ɹ/

glides /w/, /j/

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2

what sonorant consonants are considered nasals?

nasals /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

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3

what is the main characteristic of sonorant consonants in term of constriction?

sonorant consonants are produced with little constriction

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4

are sonorant consonants voiced or voiceless?

always voiced

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5

what type of sound source is involved in producing sonorant consonants?

a glottal sound source

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6

how are sonorant consonants similar to vowels in acoustic structure?

they are relatively intense and long and contain formants

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7

what is the acoustic model used for sonorant consonants?

sonorant consonants are modeled by shunt resonators

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8

how do shunt resonators for sonorant consonants differ from single-tube resonators?

shunt resonators behave differently by modeling sound sources between two resonators but the sound source in sonorants is glottal

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9

which sonorant consonants are glides?

glides /w/, /j/

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10

which sonorant consonant is classified as a lateral?

/l/

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11

which sonorant consonant is classified as a retroflex?

/ɹ/

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12
<p>What happens to the velopharyngeal port during nasal consonant production?</p>

What happens to the velopharyngeal port during nasal consonant production?

The velopharyngeal port is open (velum is lowered)

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13

where does resonance occur for nasal consonants?

resonance occurs throughout the entire vocal tract, including nasal cavity

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14

which resonators are together in the production of nasal sounds?

the oral-pharyngeal cavity and the nasal cavity

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15

what are the “side branches” or shunts in nasal consonants?

the oral cavity and sinus cavity tubelettes, which are closed during nasal resonance

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16

what acoustic effect is created by the shunt resonators in nasal consonants?

shunts resonate but act as acoustic dead ends creating antiresonances

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17

what is an antiresonance in nasal consonants?

a phenomenon where energy is “trapped” in shunts, reducing the amplitude of certain frequencies

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18

why does antiresonance occur in nasal consonants?

because energy is trapped in the closed side branches or shunts

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19

how does the length of the tube from the glottis to the nares affect resonant frequencies in nasal consonants?

A long tube from the glottis to nares create lower resonant frequencies

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20
<p>what is the frequency range for the nasal formant in nasal sounds?</p>

what is the frequency range for the nasal formant in nasal sounds?

around 250-300 Hz

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21

what occurs in the formants when a nasal sound is produced?

there is an abrupt shift in formants

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22

what acoustic feature is characteristic of nasal sounds and results from trapped energy?

antiresonance

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23

what is a nasalized diphthong?

a diphthong sounds that included nasal resonance

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24

which formant is most affected by antiresonance in nasal sounds?

Affects the fifth formant (F5)

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25
<p>which spectrogram goes with the word "Bat” </p>

which spectrogram goes with the word "Bat”

spectrogram B

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26
<p>which spectrogram goes with the word “Ban” </p>

which spectrogram goes with the word “Ban”

spectrogram A

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27

Which spectrogram goes with the word “Bash”

spectrogram C

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28
<p>what is a characteristic feature of the <span>/ɹ/ sound in terms of formant structure?</span></p>

what is a characteristic feature of the /ɹ/ sound in terms of formant structure?

/ɹ/ has a low F3, which brings F2 and F3 close together

  • “array”

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29
<p>what acoustic feature is associated with the /l/ sound?</p>

what acoustic feature is associated with the /l/ sound?

/l/ has antiresonance which results in energy reduction at certain frequencies

  • “allay”

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30

whats the difference in F3 transition in /ɹ/ and /l/?

/ɹ/ has a low F3 at onset which rises, /l/ has a higher F3 that does not start low like /ɹ/

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31

how are formants of glides similar to vowel diphthongs?

the structure is similar but they are shorter and weaker (less intense)

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32

what is the characteristic formant pattern of /w/?

/w/ has low F2 and low energy in high formants

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33

What is the formant pattern of /j/ and why?

/j/ has a high F2 and more energy in high formants, due to palatal place of articulation

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34

what is aspiration in voiceless stops?

aspiration occurs during the production of a voiceless stop, when turbulent airflow is created as the vocal folds adduct to initiate voicing for the following sound

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35

how is aspiration represented in phonetic notation?

represented by a superscript lowercase “h” after the phonetic symbol

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36

give an example of an aspirated voiceless stop

[pʰ], [tʰ], and [kʰ]

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37

what cues indicate a voiceless stop in English?

Cued by long VOTs and aspiration between the burst and the onset of voicing

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38

How does aspiration appear acoustically on a spectrogram?

appears as white noise, which is an aperiodic continuous noise with energy at all frequencies

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39

what does it mean when a sound is voiceless or devoiced?

when a sound that is typically produced with voicing is produced partially voiceless (or without full voicing) (voicing ends early or starts late)

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40

how is devoicing represented in phonetic notation?

a small open circle underneath the phonetic symbol

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41

example of devoiced sound

[d̥], [z̥], [l̥]

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42

how can vowel duration help determine if a sound is voiceless or devoiced?

if a vowel before the sound is long, it is devoiced

if a vowel before the sound is short, it is voiceless

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43

what does it mean for a consonant to be syllabic?

a syllabic consonant functions as the nucleus of a syllable

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44

which types of consonants can be syllabic?

unstressed nasals and liquids such as [n], [m], [l], and [ɹ]

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45

how is a syllabic consonant represented in phonetic notation?

represented with a small vertical line underneath the phonetic symbol

[n̩], [m̩], [l̩], and [ɹ̩]

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46

What does CCVC’CVC represent in phonetic stress notation?

a word with primary stress on the syllable marked by the apostrophe, following a consonant-consonant-vowel-consonant (CCVC) and consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) structure

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47

what is rhoticity?

the quality of sounds that include an "r” coloring particularly in sounds like [ɚ] where the "r” sound is pronounced

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48

what does nasalization mean in phonetics and how is it notated?

Means that air flows through the nose during production of a sound .

It's represented with a tilde above the vowel symbol: [æ̃]

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49

how is vowel length indicated in phonetics?

Vowel length is indicated with a colon symbol after the vowel, such as [æː]

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50

what does an “unreleased” stop mean

a stop consonant where there is no audible burst of air release at the end, meaning the sound is “held” rather than fully released

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51

How is an unreleased stop represented in phonetic transcription?

An unreleased stop is indicated by a small diacritic mark (') after the consonant such as [p̚]

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52

what is velarization?

a secondary articulation where the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum

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53

how is a velarized or dark /l/ represented in phonetic transcription

by the symbol [ɫ]

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54

when does dark /l/ occur in English

Dark /l/ occurs in syllable-final positions such as the word “full”

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55

what does voicing on a continuum mean?

voicing varies in degree and can range from fully voiced to voiceless

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56

How is a creaky or partially voiced sound represented in phonetic transcription?

diacritic below the vowel [ḭ]

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57

how is a breathy voice sound represented in phonetic transcription?

indicated with a diacritic below the vowel [i̤]

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58

what does palatalized mean?

it refers to a sound produced with an off-glide towards the palate

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59

How is palatalization represented in phonetic transcription?

adding a superscript "j” to the phonetic symbol

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60

what symbol indicates a palatalized sound such as cube?

[kʲ] indicates a palatalized sound

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61

what does labialized mean?

a sound produced with rounded lips

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62

how is labialization represented in phonetic transcription?

Shown by adding a superscript "w” to the symbol such as [tʷ] or [sʷ].

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63

what does dental articulation refer to

it refers to a sound produced with the tongue against the upper teeth, like “eighth” or “birthday”

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64

How is a dental sound indicated in transcription?

marked with a small diacritic underneath the symbol [t̪]

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65

negative VOT

voicing begins the stop is released

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66

short VOT

voicing begins almost immediately after the stop is released

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67

intermediate VOT

voicing begins shortly after the stop is released

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68

Long VOT

voicing begins long after the stop is released

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69

when are stops unreleased

when they occur before another stop

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70

when are voiceless stops aspirated?

voiceless stops are aspirated when they are word-initial or syllable-initial

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71

when are voiced obstruents devoiced

at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound

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72

what happens to voiced stops and fricatives when they are syllable-initial or preceded by a voiceless sound?

they become voiceless

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73

when is the aspiration rule for voiceless stops after /s/?

voiceless stops are unaspirated when they come after /s/

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74

how do voiceless obstruents differ from voiced ones in syllable-final position?

voiceless obstruents are longer than the corresponding voiced ones in syllable-final position

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75

how is /t/ modified when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word?

Replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word

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76

what often accompanies syllable-final voiceless stops

an overlapping glottal stop

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77

what happens to approximants when they are preceded by voiceless stops?

approximants are partially voiceless

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78

when do nasals become syllabic?

Nasals become syllabic at the end of a word when immediately following an obstruent

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79

when do liquids become syllabic?

at the end of a word when immediately following a consonant

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80

when do liquids become syllabic?

at the end of a word when immediately following a consonant

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81

what happens to alveolar stops (including nasal) in intervocalic position, especially when the second vowel is unstressed?

voiced alveolar taps in intervocalic position

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82

when do alveolar consonants become dentals?

before interdental consonants

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83

what happens to alveolar stops when they are between consonants

alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between consonants

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84

when might a homorganic voiceless stop occur after a nasal?

before a voiceless fricative followed by an unstressed vowel in the same word (epenthisis; “prince” or “something”

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85

how are consonants affected when they are before an identical consonant?

a consonant is shortened when it is before an identical consonant (good day)

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86

how do velar stops change before front vowels?

velar stops become more fronted before front vowels

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87

when does /l/ become velarized?

it occurs after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word

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88

in terms of vowel length, how does a vowel's placement in a syllable affect its duration

a vowel is longest in an open syllable

next longest in a syllable closed by a voiced consonant

shortest in a syllable closed by a voiceless consonant

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89

how does stress affect vowel length?

vowels are longer in stressed syllables

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90

when might a reduced vowel become voiceless?

when it occurs after a voiceless stop and before another voiceless stop

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91

when are vowels nasalized?

syllables closed by a nasal consonant

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92

what happens to vowels in syllables closed by /l/?

add a high back lax vowel before velarized /l/ (in “peel”)

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93

syllable structure constraints

rules that determine the allowable arrangements of phonemes within a syllable, such as the possible pattern (CCCVCCCC)

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94

positional constraints in phonotactics?

rules that restrict certain phonemes to specific positions within a word

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95

sequential constraints in phonotactics

rules that determine the allowable order of phonemes within a word

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96

what is coarticulation?

how each sound in speech is influenced by the surrounding sounds

  • /mæn/ is produced [mæ̃n]

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97

carryover coarticulation

a sound is affected by the preceding sound, as speech unfolds in time (A → B)

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98

Anticipatory coarticulation

A sound is affected by the following sound, changes in anticipation of the next sound (A ← B)

  • /h/

  • /ki/ vs /ku/: place of articulation, lip rounding

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99

aspiration

extra noisy (fricational) burst associated with voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ in initial position

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100

stop gap occurs when…

airflow is fully obstructed

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