Chemistry - Comparing Metals and Nonmetals

the ability to be drawn into wires

ductility

the ability to be hammered or pressed into shapes

malleability

a material's ability to conduct heat

thermal conductivity

a material's ability to conduct electricity

electrical conductivity

the way light interacts with a material's surface

luster

an irregularity within a crystal that occurs at a point on the lattice

point defect

mixtures of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal

alloy

in metals, including zinc, electrons are not __________ to individual atoms. Instead, they move around ___________, holding them together in a ________________ structure

bound; freely

crystalline

a sea of valence electrons allows metals to be _________________ ________ wire or ______________ without breaking

Ionic compounds __________ behave the same way

squeezed into; hammered

DON'T

Drifting electrons insulate metal cations from each other. When metal is forced through a die, the cations easily slide past one another, allowing the metal to be formed into wire. What is this an example of?

ductility

When pressure is applied to a metal, the cations can easily change position, so the metal changes shape without breaking. What is this an example of?

malleability

Applying pressure to an ionic compound tends to push the ions close together. The positive ions ________ each other, and the crystal ______________

repel

shatters

Because electrons can move around, they conduct heat more easily than ______ solids or _____________ ____________ solids.

ionic solids or covalent network solids

The delocalized electrons in metals can easily move, making metals __________ ________________ than ionic solids

more conductive

In a(n) _______________ defect, extra atoms are stuck where they don't belong

interstitial defect

In a(n) _______________ defect, different atoms take the place of existing atoms in the crystal lattice

substitution defect

In a(n) _______________ defect, atoms are missing from the lattice structure

vacancy defect

the tension on the surface of a water drop

surface tension

a substance that reduces surface tension and increases wetting

surfactant

in any solution, the dissolving medium is called the _______________

solvent

the dissolved particles (usually ions, but also polar molecules) are called the _______________

solute

the process of ion capture by the solvent is called _______________

solvation

a solution where water is the solvent

aqueous solution

a compound that conducts electric current when dissolved in an aqueous solution or in the molten state

electrolyte

a compound that does not conduct electric current in either an aqueous solution or in the molten state

nonelectrolyte

a solid, crystalline compound that contains water molecules as an integral part of its crystal structure

hydrate

the loss of water by a hydrate

efflorescence

a chamber used for maintaining a dry environment in chemistry labs

desiccator

because water is a polar molecule, its molecules are ________________ to each other

_______________ bonds hold water molecules together

attracted

hydrogen bonds

unbalanced forces pulling inward on a drop of water cause it to _________________ the amount of surface area by beading up on some surfaces

minimize

a molecule at the ___________ of the drop will experience only attractive forces from below. Because these attractive forces are ________________ there is a net pull on the molecule into the drop

surface

unbalanced

a molecule in the ____________ of the drop will experience attractive forces from all sides. Because these attractive forces are ______________, there is no net pull on the molecule

middle

balanced

the rate at which a solute dissolves

dissolution rate

contains the maximum amount of solute for a given quantity of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure

saturated solution

the amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of a solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution

solubility

a graph of the solubility as a function of temperature

solubility curve

areas in the ocean where the oxygen concentration is so low that animal life suffocates

hypoxic zones

contains more solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temperature

supersaturated solution

solutions are called ____________________ _______________ because they have a uniform appearance and composition

homogeneous mixtures

_____________________ _______________ are not uniform in composition and are not considered solutions

heterogeneous mixtures

a heterogeneous mixture containing particles, called the dispersed phase, that are spread throughout another substance, called the dispersion medium

a colloid

a heterogeneous mixture from which particles settle out upon standing

suspension

in a solution, individual molecules and ions of the solute and solvent are _________ ________________

mixed together

most ____________ contain charged particles of clumped molecules or ions that are spread throughout the dispersion medium

colloids

a ________________ is a mixture from which particles settle out upon standing

suspension

when light scatters by particles in a colloid or in a very fine suspension

Tyndall effect

when a beam from a flashlight is directed on beakers known to contain a colloid, a suspension, and solution, which of the following will not exhibit the Tyndall effect?

the solution