Microbiology quiz 1

what is a Pathogen

organisms that cause infections and disease'

what is pathogenicity

the ability to cause disease

what is virulence

the degree/severity of pathogenicity

what are overt pathogens

pathogens that can cause disease in healthy people

what are opportunistic pathogens

pathogens that will cause disease of given the opportunity

what kind of opportunities do opportunistic pathogens take advantage of

immunocompromised, immunosuppression, poor health, age, invasive procedures

what are virulence factors

characteristics that allow pathogens to cause disease

what is infective dosage

the number of organisms required to cause infection

what are capsules

evades the host’s immune system by inhibiting phagocytosis and mimicking of human antigens

what are examples of adhesions

Pili, flagella

what do pili do

allows the pathogen to attach to the host

what do flagella do

gives the pathogen the ability to move

what are toxins

biochemically active substances that have a particular effect on the host

what are endotoxins

gram negative organisms that are released when a cell is destroyed

what are exotoxins

gram positive organisms that are produced in the infectious cell and secreted out

what are enterotoxins

toxins affecting the GI tract that causes diarrhea and vomiting

who has normal flora

everyone

what is normal flora

microbes that are present on our body and supposed to be there

what type of person is more likely to get infections from normal flora

immunocompromised individuals

normal flora are mostly gram __________

positive

what parts of the body are considered sterile and have no normal flora

blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

what are the types of normal flora

resident and transient

what is resident normal flora

long term flora that is long term and well adapted to live, LOVES living on you

what is transient normal flora

temporary flora that lasts just a few hours or months. “just passing through” tries to settle in but is pushed out by resident flora

what are biofilms

communities of organisms that live together

what are biofilms held together by

pili and exopolysaccharide structural glue

biofilms are typically antibiotic __________

resistant

what is a transient carrier

a host who harbors a pathogen for a short period of time and does not get an infectious disease from it

what is a chronic carrier

a host who harbors a pathogen for a long time and does not get an infectious disease from it

what is mutualism

a relationship where both members benefit

what is commensalism

a relationship where one member benefits but the other is unharmed

what is parasitism

a relationship where one member lives at the expense of the other

what are the benefits of normal flora

keeps the neighborhood crowded and unfriendly so no new microbes can join, produces vitamin B and K

What is the normal flora of the skin

staphylococcus epidermidis

The lower respiratory tract is __________________

sterile

the upper respiratory tract is ______________

highly colonized, over 100 species

primarily home to streptococcus viridians

staphylococcus aureus is found in the _______________ of the upper respiratory tract

nose

Neisseria meningitidis is found in the _____________ of the upper respiratory tract

nasopharynx

why is there very little natural flora in the upper GI tract

due to high HCl concentrations

what are exogenous infections

infections that do not come from normal flora, comes from outside the body

the lower GI tract is ____________________

highly colonized

examples of bacteria found in the lower GI tract include

anaerobes, Enterobacteriaceae , Enterococcus

in the genitourinary tract, the bladder and above is__________

sterile

in males ____________________ is sterile

above the urethra

in females __________________ is sterile

above the cervix

the bacteria in the urethra is

a combination of skin flora and GI flora

in the vaginal tract, the predominant organism is

lactobacillus acidophilus

what immune system has characteristics fast, responds in the same way, response does not change with repeated exposure, no prior exposure is needed and born with

Non specific

what are other names for the non specific immune system

Natural, innate, non-adaptive, constitutive, nonimmune, native

the specific immune response is part of the ___________

adaptive immune system

characteristics of the adaptive immune system include

slow, response is specific to the invader, requires prior exposure to the pathogen, response is improved with repeated exposure

what are the body’s 3 main lines of defense

Non-specific surface defenses, non-specific interior defenses, specific immune defenses

The skin is an example of

a non specific surface defense

the eyes are an example of

a non specific surface defense

goblet cells are an example of

a non specific surface defense

goblet cells provide defense by

secreting mucous to trap bacteria and producing substances that are toxic to bacteria

the skin provides defense by

being a physical barrier, shedding to dislodge organisms, containing organisms that help defend

the eyes provide defense by

producing tears, having lysosomes that destroys the cell wall in bacteria, blinking

phagocytosis is an example of

non specific interior defenses

inflammation is an example of

a non specific interior defense

the complement system is an example of

a non specific interior defense

interferons are an example of

a non specific interior defense

b cells (antibodies) are an example of

specific immune defense

t lymphs (killer cells) are an example of

specific immune defenses

the humoral immune response

follows the primary immune response to an antigen

the anamnestic humoral response

is a memory formed after repeated exposure to an antigen

microorganisms use humans for

food, shelter and reproduction

a carrier is

a person who harbors organisms but shows no sign of infection

an infection

the human host is sick because of the organism

nosocomial acquired infection

a hospital acquired infection

the place of origin of an infecting agent is referred to as

a reservoir

microbial reservoirs include:

humans

animals

water

food

soil

air

what is direct transmission

host contacts the reservoir directly

what is indirect transmission

an additional agent such as a vector or a vehicle introduces the organism to the host

what is a vector

a living mode of transport for an organism

what is a vehicle

a non living mode of transport for an organism

what are the 3 types of infection

acute, chronic, latent

what is an acute infection

an infection that develops quickly from the time of exposure

what is a chronic infection

an infection that develops slowly from the time of exposure

what is a latent infection

an infection that can live in your body inactive, and flare up when your immune system is weak

what is a sign of infection

measurable indications or physical observations

what is a symptom of infection

what is described by the host

what is active immunization

the bacteria is introduced to the body which creates antibodies

what is passive immunization

the antibodies from the bacteria are introduced in hopes of creating more

what is epidemiology

the science of infectious diseases and the effects they have on public health

bacteria are

prokaryotic

what does prokaryotic mean

they lack organelles

bacteria contain a cell wall made of

peptidoglycan

what bacteria is shaped like balls

cocci

what bacteria is this

diplococci (2 balls)

what bacteria is this

streptococci ( chain of balls)

what bacteria is this

tetrad (4 cocci)

what bacteria is this

staphylococci ( grape cluster)

what bacteria is this

sarcina (8 or 2 tetrads)

what bacteria is this

chain of bacilli (elongated chain)

what bacteria is this

flagellate rods (elongated and has legs)

what bacteria is this

spore former

what kind of bacteria is this

vibrios (has a tail and able to move)

what bacteria is this

spirilla ( has multiple tails and able to move)

what bacteria is this

spirochaetes (worm)