A&P Lecture Unit 4 Final

Which of these receptor types functions as an exteroceptor?

All of the listed are correct

Which of the receptor types pictured functions exclusively as a proprioceptor?

B.

__________ are receptors that can respond to painful stimuli.

Nociceptors

__________ do NOT exhibit the property of adaptation.

Tonic receptors

Which of the following characteristics is representative of receptor-level processing, NOT perceptual-level processing?

Transduction

Three main levels of neural integration operate in the somatosensory system. Which level involves the spinal cord?

Circuit Level

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves?

Nerves are collection of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both.

Spinal nerves are all classified as __________.

Mixed nerves

A knee-jerk reflex that is unusually strong may be caused by ______.

transmission of excitatory signals from the brain to the neurons that form the femoral nerve

What is a benefit of a nerve plexus?

Damage to one single branch of a plexus does not necessarily disrupt all motor information sent to a region.

What motor structure inhibits the motor cortex at rest?

basal nuclei

Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control?

segmental level, projection level, precommand level

Which of the receptor types might function as a nociceptor?

A

Which type of sensory receptor allows us to feel an insect landing on our skin?

mechanoreceptor

Classify the neuron at A.

afferent sensory neuron

What is the specific function of the structure labeled F?

determination of muscle length

The synapse between which of the following two neurons is a part of a monosynaptic reflex arc?

A and B

What is the type of reflex represented by the pathway that includes A, D, and C?

reciprocal inhibition

The letter E would represent which of the following muscles during the knee-jerk reflex?

rectus femoris 

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________.

stretch reflex

Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm?

crossed-extensor reflex

Which of the following best describes the effect on the heart of neurotransmitters released from the postganglionic neurons of B and C?

B would increase heart rate, while C would decrease it.

The circular structures shown within pathways B and C represent which of the following?

ganglia

Which of the following releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?

terminus of a sympathetic postganglionic neuron

Where are ganglia of the parasympathetic division located?

in or near effector organs 

Outflow of the sympathetic division occurs from which regions of the CNS?

thoracic and lumbar

Which organ receives major input from the sympathetic, but not parasympathetic, division?

skin

Which of the letters in the figure indicates the vagus nerve?

A

The group of fibers indicated by E represents which of the following?

white rami communicantes 

Which of the following statements is true of the group of fibers indicated by the letter D?

D indicates fibers that bypass collateral ganglia and terminate within the adrenal gland

Which of these activities is most likely driven by parasympathetic innervation?

resting and digesting

Which of the following is NOT an autonomic nervous system (ANS) function?

reflex of skeletal muscle

Which division of the nervous system has long preganglionic neurons?

parasympathetic

Which target organ is NOT affected by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

adrenal medulla

Which set of details correctly identifies a series of events in a sympathetic pathway?

thoracolumbar origin, short preganglionic fiber, ACh release at ganglion, long postganglionic fiber, NE release at effector

What differentiates an autonomic reflex from a somatic reflex?

a two-neuron motor pathway

Which receptor paring below is correct?

nicotinic; acetylchline

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during sympathetic stimulation. Which of the following statements describes why epinephrine would increase the sympathetic response?

The same receptors that respond to norepinephrine also respond to epinephrine, increasing the action of both.

Which of the following target organs/systems is affected by the sympathetic nervous system but is NOT affected by the parasympathetic nervous system?

cellular metabolism

Which of the following is responsible for the overall integration of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

hypothalamus

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

regulation of activity by higher brain centers

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________.

sympathetic division

The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.

parasympathetic division

Which of the following is NOT associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

emergency action

The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________

ciliary ganglion

The sympathetic division innervates targets with nerves that all originate from the thoracolumbar region.

True

Unlike the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division synapses with the adrenal medulla.

False

Once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, one of three things can happen to the axon. Which of the following is NOT one of these three things?

The axon can course back into the spinal cord to synapse with preganglionic neurons in a different spinal segment.

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.

sympathetic division

Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called ________.

splanchnic nerves

Where would you NOT find a cholinergeric nicotinic receptor?

all parasympathetic target organs

Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?

beta 1

Which of the following is characteristic of the parasympathetic division?   

stimulates secretory activity

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.

NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.

hypothalamus

All somatic motor neurons produce __________.

only acetylcholine

Autonomic motor neurons __________.

utilize a two-neuron chain to reach their effectors

Autonomic nerve fibers that increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, induce dry mouth, and increase sweating do so primarily through the secretion of __________.

norepinephrine

Myelination tends to be heaviest on which types of neurons?

somatic motor neurons

Identify the muscle responsible for depressing the eye and turning it laterally.

A

Identify the layer that contains both a single-celled pigmented layer and a neural layer.

C

Identify the type of neuronal cell that detects bright light and provides high-resolution color vision.

Identify the type of neuron that would be secreting neurotransmitter in the light

A and B

Which structure is NOT matched with its function?   

ciliary body: focus the pupil

You want to look up and to your right. Which extrinsic eye muscles would be the most active in each eye?

right eye: inferior oblique left eye: superior rectus

Aqueous humor forms during capillary filtration in the __________?

ciliary body

If retinal detachment occurs in the macula lutea, one can predict that there would be a significant loss of ______.

color vision

Which structure provides the vascular support for the eye?

the choroid

What structure in the eye creates a visual blind spot?

optic disc

What term refers to the eye’s moving medially to track items close at hand?

convergence

During close vision, what actions must the eye take to bring an object into focus?

contract the ciliary body

This image best illustrates an eyeball that is __________.

emmetropic

Which of the following statements is true?

Contraction of the ciliary muscles is required for hyperopic individuals to clearly see distant objects.All of the listed responses are true.

Atropine eye drops are used to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex and as a long-lasting pupil dilating agent, or mydriatic. What action causes the dilation effect?

blocked contraction of sphincter pupillae muscle

Damage to the medial portion of the optic chiasm, cause by a pituitary tumor, would lead to __________.

loss of peripheral vision

Which part of the visual pathway is responsible for our daily biorhythms?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Name the muscle at D.

inferior rectus

Identify the choroid.

**B**

As light hits the retina, the first structure the light encounters is a rod or a cone.

False

Which photoreceptors respond to very dim light?

Rods

Damage to which of these structures can result in sensorineural deafness?

D

Otosclerosis, which can result in conduction deafness, affects which of these structures?

A

What part of the inner ear houses the receptor organ of hearing, the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?

D

Which part of the inner ear houses receptors for rotational (angular) movement of the head?

A

Name the enlarged swelling at the end of A that is a sensory structure.

Ampulla

Which portion of the ear is responsible for sound transduction?

the cochlea

Transduction of lower frequency sound waves occurs at the __________ of the cochlea.

apex

What type of channel is responsible for the initial changes in the membrane potential of the hair cells, which ultimately determines the cochlear nerve response to sound?

mechanically gated