acids and bases

atoms

protons, neutrons, and electrons

elements

simplest types of matter with certain chemical properties 92 naturally occurring elements

compounds

different forms of atoms coming together

molecular formulas

the type of elements that make up a compound or a molecule

C6-H12-O6

glucose-compound

bonds are formed

by either the give or take or the sharing of electrons

bulk elements

C,H,O,N,P,S. required by the body in large amounts

trace elements

required by the body in small amounts (Fe, I)

ultratrace emements

required by the body in very minimal amounts (As)

atomic number

number on top, always equal to electrons

atomic mass

atomic number minus neutrons

isotopes

same element different numbers of neutrons

molecule

interaction of atoms coming together to form a bond

chemical bonds

formed when atoms combine with other atoms

radioactive isotopes

used to destroy cancerous thyroid gland issues

ionizing radiation

can force atoms in its area into ions by altering their number of electrons(x-rays)

ions

same elements, different numbers of electrons

closes electron orbit can only hold

2 electrons

the second orbit around electron can hold

8 electrons

the third orbit of a electron can hold up to

8 electrons

carbon has

6 protons, 6 electrons, 6 neutrons

the outer most electron orbital is called

valence electrons

cation

positive charge, forms of an atom that dont have as many electrons as its naturally occurring state

ionic bond

strong chemical bond formed when ions of opposite charge attract (give eachother electrons)

anion

negative charge, because they have additional electrons more than they typically would

covalent bond

atoms that share a electron

nonpolar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

polar

unequal sharing of electrons

hydrogen bond

force of attraction between molecules, weak bond.

chemical reactions

occur when chemical bonds form or break between atoms, ions, or molecules

synthesize reaction

taking less complex molecules ir atoms combine them to make and increase in complexity (A+B—> AB)

decomposition

decreasing complexity (AB—> A+B)

exchange reaction

chemical bonds are broken new ones are formed (AB+CD—>AD+AB)

reversible reaction

convert products into reactants but can also convert reactants back into products (A+B<—>AB)

electrolytes

substance that release ions into water

adics

electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water

salts

electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

base

low concentration of hydrogen ions (alkaline)

the solvent in every solution is

water

acid

below 7.35

alkaline

above 7.45

neutral PH

between 7.35 and 7.45

alkalosis makes a person feel

dizzy or agitated

acidosis makes a person feel

disoriented and fatigued

organic molecules contain

carbon and hydrogen. do not release ions and are non electrolytes

inorganic molecules

usually dissolve in water, form ions, is electrolytes

ATP

makes thing move, needs oxygen

monosaccharides

single sugars (glucose, fructose)

disaccharide

double sugar (sucrose, lactose)

polysaccharide

complex carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

most abundant lipids

triglycerides (fats) contain one molecule of glycerol 3 fatty acids

phospholipids

triglycerides(fats) contain two glycerol 2 fatty acids and a phosephate group

saturated fats

saturated with hydrogen

unsaturated fats

one or more carbon-carbon double bond

steroids

4 connected rings or carbon, used to synthesis adrenal and sex hormones. cholesterol is the main steroid in the body

proteins

have monomers and polymers. monomers is and amino acid polymers are proteins

primary protein structure

linked amino acids together in a chain linked together by peptide bonds

secondary structure

hydrogen bonds formed between amine and carboxylic acids of different amino acids within the polypeptide chain

tertiary structure

interaction of different ar groups within polypeptide

quaternary structure

the interaction or two or more proteins for their tertiary state coming together to form a final protein

nucleic acids

DNA, RNA. information molecules inside the cell

DNA

double chain of nucleotides

RNA

a single chain of nucleotide