BIOL 1021: Lab Final

hydroxyl group

Name this functional group.

carbonyl group

Name this functional group.

carboxyl group

Name this functional group.

amino group

Name this functional group.

sulfhydryl group

Name this functional group.

phosphate group

Name this functional group.

methyl group

Name this functional group.

A. glucose
B. galactose
C. fructose

Label these hexose sugars in order from A to C.

6

How many carbons does this glucose have?

A. alpha glucose
B. beta glucose

Label these glucose molecules (which is alpha and which is beta)

interphase

This shows _______ in onion cells.

prophase

This shows ________ in onion cells.

metaphase

This shows ________ in onion cells.

anaphase

This shows ________ in onion cells.

telophase

This shows ________ in onion cells.

interphase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

prophase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

metaphase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

anaphase

This shows a cell entering ________ in whitefish blastula.

anaphase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

anaphase

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula.

telophase, cleavage furrow

This shows ________ in whitefish blastula. The arrow indicates the _______ ________.

anaphase

This shows _______ in whitefish blastula.

interphase

This shows _______ in onion cells.

prophase

This shows _______ in onion cells.

meiosis, sperm, egg, egg chromosomes

This shows _______ in the parasitic worm, Ascaris lumbricoides. The red arrow indicates the ______ entering the ____ (the large clear bubbles). The blue arrow indicates the ___ _________, which have already started dividing.

sperm, egg, chromosomes, egg, meiosis

The black arrow indicates the ______. The green arrow indicates the ______. The red arrow indicates the __________ of the ____ that are in ________.

meiosis I, polar body, egg chromosomes, meiosis

This cell has completed ________ __. We know this because a _____ ____ (large black arrow) has been extruded. The ___ _________ (smaller, red arrow) are still undergoing _______.

meiosis, haploid, haploid, pronucleus

The egg nucleus has completed _______ and is now ______. The sperm was already _____. Each nucleus indicated by a black arrow is now called a __________, and we cannot distinguish which nucleus is which.

pronucleus, diploid nucleus, zygote

In this image, the 2 _________ are fusing to form a ________ ________, or a ______.

A. carotene
B. xanthophyll
C. chlorophyll a
D. chlorophyll b
E. loading line

Label the plant pigments in order from A to E.

A. carotenoids
B. chlorophyll b
C. chlorophyll a

Label the pigments A through C.

quantitative

Data in the form of numbers is _________.

qualitative

Observations that do not involve numerical analyses give us ___________ data.

independent variable

One or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment.

dependent variable

A feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changes in response to the independent variable.

decrease

If a daphnia is subjected to increased concentrations of ethanol, it's heart rate will _______.

increases

If a daphnia is subjected to increased concentrations of caffeine, it's heart rate will ________.

carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all _____________.

lipids

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids are all _________.

proteins

Amino acids, dipeptides, and polypeptides are all ________.

nucleic acids

Mononucleotide and dinucleotide monomer, and polynucleotides (DNA and RNA) and all ___________.

mean

also known as average

median

the middle value in a set of data

mode

the most common value in a set of data

range

the distance between the lowest and the highest value in a set of data.

hydroxyl group

polar, found in alcohols

carbonyl group

polar, found in aldehydes and ketones

carboxyl group

weakly acidic, found in organic acids such as amino acids.

amino group

weakly basic, found in such things as amino acids.

sulfhydryl group

essentially nonpolar, found in some amino acids.

phosphate group

weakly acidic, found in such things as phospholipids and nucleic acids.

methyl group

nonpolar (thus hydrophobic), found in such things as lipids, and other membrane components.

orange-red

When testing for simple reducing sugars, if the sugars are present in high concentration, Benedict's reagent should turn _____.

iodine

______ is used to test for starch, a polysaccharide.

dark purple

When testing for the presence of starch, the iodine should turn __________ if starch is present.

Biuret Test

The __________ is a common test for proteins.

blue, violet, pink

In the biuret test, the biuret reagent (which is originally _____) should turn ______ if protein or long peptides are present, and it should turn ______ if short peptides are present.

Vegetable oil test, soluble

The ___________ is used to test for lipids, and is based on the fact that lipids are not _______ in water.

brown paper test

The __________ is used to test for lipids, and is based on the fact that lipids should spread and evaporate slowly.

slowly, evenly, wet

In the brown paper test, a lipid should spread ______ and ______ across the paper, and after 10 minutes, the paper should still be ____.

dissolve, 1

In the vegetable oil test, a lipid should ______ into the vegetable oil, forming __ layer(s)

10, 4, 10, 45

A compound microscope magnifies using 2 lenses: one eyepiece (ocular) lens that is constant provides __X magnification, and 3 objective lenses that can be switched out provide __X, __X, or __X magnification.

eyepiece, objective

In order to get the final magnification of a compound microscope, you multiply the _______ lenses magnification by the ________ lenses magnification.

amoeba, food vacuole, nucleus, pseudopods

Label 1, 3, and 5 in order.

9+2

Flagella have a ____ arrangement of microtubules.

simple diffusion

the net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

down

in simple diffusion, molecules move _____ a gradient.

Brownian motion

The colliding particles and molecules in a liquid or gas have a "jiggling" motion due to their random movement and collisions. This is called:

faster

higher temperatures led to ______ diffusion.

faster

smaller, lighter particles diffuse ______ than larger, heavier particles.

osmosis

the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of its higher molecular activity to a region of lower molecular activity.

active transport

the net movement of a substance, often against a gradient, that requires an input of energy and a carrier protein.

dynamic equilibrium

the point where 2 solutions are such that no net movement of molecules will occur.

hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, it is the solution that has the high concentration of the solute particles.

hypotonic

when comparing tow solutions, it is the solution that has the lower concentration of the solute particles.

isotonic

when two solutions have the same concentration of solutes.

molarity

the solute concentration of a solution (e.g. 0.2M glucose is one liter of solution that contains 0.2 moles of glucose dissolved in 1 liter of solution)

molecular activity

the random motion of molecules and atoms resulting from their own kinetic energy.

osmotic potential

the net tendency of water to move across a selectively permeable membrane into a solution.

greater

The greater the solute concentration gradient, the _________ the osmotic potential.

pressure

Osmotic potential is measured by measuring the _______ needed to stop water from flowing into that solution.

plasmolysis

shrinkage of a cell due to water loss (crenate)

water potential

The "potential energy" of water molecules.

high, low

water moves from a region of _____ water potential to a region of _____ water potential.

plasmolysed

This elodea is _________ because it was exposed to a salt solution

lose

Dialysis bags will ____ weight because the water in the bag will to diffuse out of the bag to balance out the hypertonic solution outside of the bag.

gain

Dialysis bags will ____ weight because the water outside of the bag is going to diffuse into the bag to balance out hypertonic solution inside the bag.

solvent

a liquid into which a substance is dissolved

solute

the dissolved substance

enzyme

an organic molecule (typically a protein) that acts as a catalyst.

activation energy

enzymes work by lowering the the __________ ________ of a reaction.

active site

the enzyme-substrate complex is formed at the enzyme's ______ ____.

benzoquinone, oxidation

When an apple turns brown shortly after you bite into it, the brown substance is _____________ in an ________ reaction

catechol, 1/2 O2, benzoquinone, H2O, catechol oxidase

In the reaction we studied, the substrates were _________ and _____, and the products were _______________ and _______. the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is called _________ ________

potato extract

The enzyme catechol oxidase can be found in ______ _______.

40, median

The optimal temperature for the enzyme catechol oxidase is __ degrees celcius, which is the ______ temperature of the range tested.

6

The optimal pH for catechol oxidase is __.

substrates, catechol

catechol, hydroquinone, and para-hydroxybenzaldehyde are all ________ that we tested for substrate specificity. Of these, the oxidation reaction only appears to occur with _______.

cellular respiration

Processes that cells use to get energy (stored in ATP) from their food molecules)