SNC 1W1 final exam - Tam

Compound

A substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded

Density

the mass of the substance and how much space it takes up

proton

positively charged particle

Nucleus

Center of an atom (holds protons and neutrons)

isotope

Atoms of the same element with the same amount of protons but different numbers of neutrons

alpha particle

A cluster of 2 protons and 2 neutrons emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

mixture

a substance made by mixing other substances together.

solubility

The ability to dissolve in another substance

neutrons

neutral charge

atomic mass

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

period

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

beta particle

A fast-moving electron that is given off as nuclear radiation

percipitate

A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

ion

an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge

element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

electrons

Negatively charged particles

atomic number

the number of protons in an atom (# of protons = # of electrons)

family

a vertical column of elements in the periodic table whcih have similar properties.

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Particle Theory of Matter

- always moving

- Pure substances are made up of their own kind of particles

- All matter is made up of particles

- attracted to each other

- have spaces between them

- Move faster when heated

Classification of matter

pure substances and mixtures

subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, electrons

What are the two main types of compounds?

Molecular and ionic compounds

What is the composition of ionic compounds?

Metal + non-metal

What is the composition of molecular compounds?

Non-metal + non-metal

changes of matter

physical change and chemical change

Changes of state

the change of a substance from one physical state to another

Bohr-Rutherford diagram

a simple drawing that shows the numbers and locations of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom

3 main classes of elements

metals, non metals, metalloids

Metals

metals are solid at room temp, shiny, good conductors, malleable and ductile.

Non metals

Non metals are usually gases or solids at room temp, not shiny, poor conductors, brittle and not ductile

Metalloids

metailloids share both properities of both metals and non metals.

The four chemical families are...

alkai metals ( one electron beyond stability),

alkaine - earth metals (2 electrons beyond stability) ,

halogens (one electron short on stability),

noble gases (a stable outer shell)

How is the modern periodic table organized?

its organized to increasing atomic number, also grouped according to the amount of electron shells.

How many groups and periods are on the periodic table?

18 groups and 7 periods in the periodic table

Alkali metals

(group 1) hydrogen (H) , Lithium (Li) , Sodium (Na) Potassium (K)

Alkaline earth metals

Group 2 (Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium)

Halogens

Group 17 (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine)

Noble gases

Group 18 (Hellium, neon , krypton, xenon, radon)

How are ionic compounds formed?

By the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal.

If an atom loses an electron, what kind of particle does it become?

If an atom loses one or more electron, it becomes positvely charged

If an atom gains an electron, what kind of particle does it become?

If an atom gains one or more electron, it becomes a negatively charged ion

what happens to electrons in a covalent bond?

electrons from each atom are attracted or "shared" by both atoms

What is the other term used for covalent compounds?

Covalent compounds are also called molecular compounds

Circuit

a path for an electrical current to flow around

static charge

Static charge is an electric charge that builds up on an object and stays there, usually because of friction, like when you rub a balloon on your hair.

voltmeter

a device used to measure voltage

resistor

A resistor is a device that limits or controls the flow of electric current in a circuit.

conductor

A material that allows heat and electricity to pass through it.

current electricity

the continuous flow of charge in a complete circuit

cells/battery

a single-unit device which converts chemical energy into electric energy.

Resistance

a measure of how much a material or object opposes the flow of electric current

potential difference

the difference of electrical potential between two points.

charging by friction

transfer of electrons between the two objects that are rubbed together

terminals

a point where a conductor from a component, device, or network comes to an end

static electricity

A buildup of charges on an object.

electroscope

An instrument used to detect electric charge

ammeter

A device used to measure current in a circuit

load

the force applied to a body or surface, or the weight of an object that needs to be moved

switch

a device that opens or closes a circuit

insulator

A material that does not allow heat or electrons to move through it easily.

Ohms law

V= I x R

current

A flow of electric charge.

series circuit

An electric circuit with a single path

charge

A measure of the extra positive or negative particles that an object has. (ex: positive or negative charge)

ground

an object that can supply large numbers of electrons, remove large amounts of electrons from a charged object, and can neutralize them.

parallel circuit

A circuit that contains more than one path for current flow.

Renewable resource (pros and cons)

Solar energy

- (+) clean and sustainable, doesnt cause any damage to the ecosystem

-(-) dependant on weather and light conditions. Making it less reliable in certain regions or times of day.

Non renewable resource (pros and cons)

Coal

- (+) Produces a large amount of energy and inexpensive

- (-) Creates significant enviromental damage like air pollution

Food web

a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

Food chain

a series of organisms that eat one another so that energy and nutrients flow from one to the next.

Trophic levels

A trophic level is a category of organisms that is defined by how the organisms gain their energy. Energy moves from one level to the next.

abiotic factors

Living and nonliving aspects of the environment

- river

-rocks

-sunlight

biotic factors

-animals

-trees

-plants

Effects of acid precipitation

It acidifies water, water storage, causes corrosion , can cause damage to trees, plants and soil (makes the soil less suitable for plant growth)

ecosystem services

Important environmental benefits, such as clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, and fertile soil in which to grow crops, that ecosystems provide

nitrogen cycle

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

Niche

An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.

Habitat

Place where an organism lives

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Biodiversity

The number of different species in the same habitat / ecosystem

Limiting factors of populations

Limiting factors are environmental factors that keep a population's numbers from growing out of control. Some examples are food, water, living space, and disease.

what are the different trophic levels

primary producers, primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers, tertiary consumers (carnivores)

Denitrification

process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas

Bioaccumulation

the build up of a substance (usually a toxin) as it passes through a food chain

Bioaugmentation

Bioaugmentation means adding helpful microbes (like bacteria, fungi, and viruses) to a place, like soil or water, to clean it or fix a problem.

biomass

Renewable organic material from plants and animals that can be used as energy. (ex: crops, manure/poop.., wood, leaves, etc.)

Excretion

Excretion is the process of getting rid of waste from the body, like sweat, urine, or carbon dioxide (exhaling).

Eutrophication

Eutrophication is when too many nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus, build up in water, causing lots of algae to grow. This can harm fish and other animals by using up oxygen in the water.

nutrient

a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the maintenance of life. (vitamins, minerals, food, etc.)

producer

An organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis.

consumer

An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms

autotrophs

Organisms that are able to make their own food (same thing as a producer)

Hetrotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

dominant species

a species that has the most influence or control in an ecosystem. It usually has the largest population or plays a key role in shaping the environment. (like how trees might dominate a forest.)

keystone species

A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

ecosystem engineers

species that dramatically alter their environment

endangered species

A species in danger of becoming extinct in the near future