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Motive

Specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior (also thought of as drive)

Primary drive

Unlearned drive found in all animals (Motivates behavior necessary for survival i.e. Hunger, thirst and sex)

Secondary drive

learned drive (wealth or success)

instinct theory

Motivated by Instincts: fixed action patterns (specific behaviors unique to a species) that are not learned

instinct theory pros and cons

pros: Explains animal motivations
cons: Doesn't really apply to humans. We have very few reflexes (instincts?) and most fade over time. Our motivations are mostly learned

Drive-Reduction Theory

physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

homeostasis

the maintenance of a steady internal state - balance.

Drive-Reduction Theory pros and cons

pros: Biological explanation, explains primary drives

cons: doesn't explain secondary drives, once homeostasis is achieved we'd never do anything - but we keep trying for more

Cognitive Dissonance Theory: by Leon Festinger

- Psychological discomfort by two conflicting thoughts, leads to a change and/ or justification of behavior (you're motivated to decrease a mental state of discomfort)

Cognitive Dissonance Theory pros and cons

pros: Allows you to predict how people might justify or change their behaviors based on motivations
cons: can't predict which way the behaviors will change

Incentive Theory

Incentive theory says we're pulled through external forces to obtain a desire

Incentive Theory pros and cons

pros: Helps to explain secondary drives
cons: Over simplifies motivations and poorly explains intrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation

you do it because you enjoy it

Extrinsic motivation

You do it to get something

Optimum Arousal Theory (also just called Arousal Theory)

There is an optimal level of arousal for best performance on any task

yerkes-Dodson law

Simpler tasks require higher levels of arousal. Harder tasks require a lower level of arousal.

Optimum Arousal Theory pros and cons

pros: explains performance related motivation, why we seek out new experiences, why seek to eliminate boredom
cons: Really specific (limited) theory...

Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow suggested that human motivation is complex and for us to become our ideal selves we must meet certain needs first. The goal is self actualization

hierarchy of needs order

biological -\> safety -\> love -\> esteem -\> actualization

hierarchy of needs pros and cons

pros: Nicely summarizes the complexity of motivations & includes intrinsic motivation
cons: Basic needs don't always need to be met first - has been changed from Maslow's original theory

James-Lange Theory

stimulus -\> physiological response -\> emotion

cannon-bard theory

Stimulus → emotion + physiological response

Schacter TWO Factor

stimulus -\> physiological response + cognitive labeling -\> emotion

Lazarus Cognitive-Appraisal Theory

stimulus -\> label -\> physiological response + emotion

Le Doux has a biological explanation

The thalamus routes the perception of the stimulus to either:
1. amygdala (direct pathway / schacter theory)
2. frontal cortex (indirect pathway / Lazarus theory)

Paul Eckman says 6 Universal Emotions Exist

◦ Happiness
◦ Anger
◦ Sadness
◦ Surprise
◦ Disgust
◦ Fear

Duchenne smile

we can tell a real smile based off other features

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expression can influence emotions

Display rules

a social group or culture's norms of how to express certain emotions.

industrial / Organizational Psychology

application of concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the workplace

Industrial (personnel) Psychology

focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

organizational psychology

examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Ergonomics / Human Factors

- Intersection of engineering and psychology
- Focuses on safety and efficiency of human-machine interactions
- safe/comfortable work environment\=healthy employees/more productive employees

The Hawthorne Effect

- Individual productivity increases when workers are singled out and made to feel important
- performance is subject to social pressures and group norms

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

general adaptation syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

alarm stage

The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, in which the person experiences a burst of energy that aids in dealing with the stressful situation.

resistance/adaptation stage

*attempts homeostasis*

action of adrenal hormones

continued mobilization of the body's resources to cope & overcome a sustained challenge

exhaustion stage

the third stage of the GAS, characterized by weakened resistance and possible deterioration

Kurt Lewin

approach conflict theories

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects.

Health Psychology

Branch of psychology that addresses the factors related to well-being and illness

distress

negative stress

eustress

positive stress

stress results in

emotional difference, cognitive difference, motivational difference

type a

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

type b

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

coping

Efforts to control, reduce, or tolerate the threats that lead to stress

problem-focused coping

Attempt to modify the stressful problem or source of stress

Emotion-Focused Coping

Attempt to manage their emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem.

biology of hunger

- glucose level in your blood is maintained by your pancreas
- Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by neurons in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.

Insulin

decreases glucose in the blood (When you have too much glucose the body releases insulin)

diabetes

the result of the body not producing enough insulin

Lateral Hypothalamus

- When stimulated it makes you hungry
- When lesioned (destroyed) you no longer feel hunger

VentroMedial Hypothalamus

- When stimulated you feel full
- When lesioned you never feel sated.

Other Hormones Involved in Appetite

- Signal you to eat (released by lateral hypothalamus - ghrelin, orexin)
- Signal you to stop eating (released by ventromedial hypothalamus - obestatin, pyy, leptin)

Psychology of Hunger

- Environmental cues can trigger the biological responses
- Memory plays an important role in hunger

Body Mass Index

a measure of body weight relative to height

Dangers of Obesity

Increased risk of:
◦ Heart attack
◦ Hypertension
◦ Atherosclerosis
◦ Alzheimer's disease
◦ Diabetes

Physiology of Obesity

- Identical twins reared apart still have similar body weights
- Adopted children's weight resembles their biological parents

Set-Point Theory

control system built into every person dictating how much fat he or she should carry

Psychological Factors of obesity

- learning sets from parents
- stress
- lack of sleep

Societal Factors of obesity

Fast food is cheaper than healthy food - and fast food is calorically dense and unhealthy compared to cooking in

Anorexia nervosa

- Weight loss of at least 15% ideal weight (according to BMI)
- Intense fear of gaining weight
- Distorted body image
- Major caloric restriction, excessive exercise

Bulimia nervosa

- Usually normal body weight (again BMI)
- Binge - purge eating pattern (Eating in a discrete period of time (e.g. 2 hour period) an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat under similar circumstances, followed by "purging" the food through vomiting, misuse of laxatives, etc)

Similarities between AN and BN

- Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain
- Self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas
- Fasting
- Pre-occupation with food

Binge Eating Disorder

◦ Engages in binging behaviors but NO purging behaviors
◦ Usually above average weight

Dangers of Eating Disorders

- Extreme organ damage
◦ Heart
◦ Kidneys
◦ Stomach
◦ Esophagus
◦ Brain
- death

eating disorders are most common in

- young
- females
- athletes/dancers
- authoritarian parents
- highly neurotic people

causes of eating disorders

- Usually triggered by another disorder or other external event (such as parenting style, hobby, etc.)
- Brain changes are evident - but which came first?

Biology of Sex

- Hypothalamus
- Stimulation leads to increase in sexual behavior
- Surgical removal leads to sexual inhibition
- pituitary gland monitors, initiates, and restricts hormones

sex hormones

Monitors, initiates, and restricts hormones

Human Sexual Response Pattern: Masters and Johnson Study

1. Excitement phase
2. Plateau Phase
3. Orgasm
4. Refractory (resolution)

Sexual Orientation :Alfred Kinsey

Created the Kinsey Scale of sexuality....0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual

evidence for homosexuality being based on biological factors

• APA says its BIOLOGICAL
• Occurs in other species in nature
• Twin studies support it
• Find differences in the brain
• Prenatal hormone exposure influences it

leon festinger

cognitive dissonance theory

alfred kinsey

scale of sexuality

richard lazarus

cognitive appraisal theory

joseph le doux

thalamus routes perception of stimulus to either amygdala or frontal lobe

paul eckman

6 universal emotions

kurt lewin

4 approach conflicts

hans seiye

GAS alarm, resistance, exhaustion