A&P chap 13 & 14 shorten

Cellular Respiration

The process of bringing in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Aids in the passage of air and moistens air before it reaches the lungs.

Diaphragm

The main muscle responsible for breathing.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs that facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Bronchi

The left and right primary bronchi where the trachea divides at the 5th vertebrae.

Pulmonary Circulation

Arteries carrying oxygen-poor blood; veins carry oxygen-rich blood.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath, approximately 500 mL.

Vital Capacity

The maximum inhalation and exhalation capacity, factoring inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes.

Alveolar Sac

Contains multiple alveoli where gas exchange takes place.

External Respiration

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in the lungs and blood.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid.

Olfactory Epithelium

Contains receptors for smell.

Mucociliary Escalator

Cilia push mucus toward the throat for swallowing.

Hyperventilation

Increased breathing rate leading to decreased carbon dioxide levels and alkalosis.

Hypoventilation

Slower than normal breathing which may increase carbon dioxide levels, leading to acidosis.

Asthma

A respiratory disorder characterized by spasms in the bronchi, causing difficulty in breathing.

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Surfactant

A substance that prevents alveoli collapse and aids in gas exchange.

Larynx

Also known as the voice box, it functions as an air passageway and produces sound.

Pneumonia

An infection that fills alveoli with thick fluid, which can be viral or bacterial.

What is Respiration?

The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere.

Ventilation

Breathing.

External Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and air in the lungs.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and the cells of the body.

Circulation

Gas transport in blood between the lungs and the body cells.

Cellular Respiration

Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is produced by the cell.

List the Two Divisions of the Respiratory System

Upper- nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx; Lower- trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

What composes the nose?

Cartilage and bone.

What is the function of the internal hairs in the nose?

To filter out large particles.

What is the nasal cavity?

A hollow space behind the nose, containing a mucus membrane.

List 3 things the nasal cavity does for air.

Warms air, moistens air, and traps dust and small particles with mucus.

What pushes mucus and particles to the pharynx?

Cilia.

The nasal septum divides the nose into...

Left and right halves.

Explain a deviated septum.

It is bent to one side.

What are paranasal sinuses?

Air-filled spaces that reduce the weight of the skull and affect the quality of the voice.

List 4 sinuses.

Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid.

What are the 2 functions of the sinuses?

Reduce the weight of the skull and affect voice quality.

Another name for the pharynx is the...

Throat.

What passes through the pharynx?

Air and food.

The larynx conducts air in and out of the...

Trachea.

The larynx contains the...

Vocal cords.

What is the Adam's Apple?

Cartilage in the larynx.

How do the vocal cords produce sound?

Air is forced between the vocal cords causing them to vibrate.

How does a person control the pitch of their voice?

By contracting and relaxing muscles to alter tension on the vocal cords.

Define glottis.

The triangular slit between the vocal cords.

What is the epiglottis and its function?

A flap-like structure that covers the trachea when swallowing.

Another name for the windpipe is the...

Trachea.

What is the trachea made out of?

Made up of 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.

The first branch off of the trachea is the...

Primary bronchi.

Trace the air through the respiratory system.

Trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles, ducts, sacs, alveoli.

How does carbon dioxide/oxygen exchange take place?

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood through the alveoli wall.

How many alveoli does the average person have?

Approximately 300 million.

What are the lungs and where are they located?

Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity.

Visceral Pleura

Attaches to each lung's surface.

Parietal Pleura

Lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity.

What is the Pleural Cavity?

Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura.

Contrast the right lung to the left lung.

The right lung is larger with 3 lobes; the left lung has 2 lobes.

Inspiration

Inhalation; diaphragm flattens, external intercostals move the ribs up and out.

Expiration

Exhalation; diaphragm domes, internal intercostals move in and out.

What aids in inhaling and exhaling?

Abdominal muscles.

What is atmospheric pressure?

The weight of air, approximately 760 mm Hg.

What is the diaphragm?

A dome-shaped muscle that assists in breathing.

Define surfactant.

A lipoprotein that reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse.

What is Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A condition affecting premature babies.

What is Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

Impairment or removal of surfactant due to accidents or inhalation of foreign substances.

What is a Pneumothorax?

Air gets into the pleural cavity.

What is emphysema and what causes it?

A progressive degenerative disease in which alveoli rupture.

What arises in the lungs?

Primary pulmonary issues.

What causes most lung cancers?

Smoking and second-hand smoke.

List and describe three treatments for lung cancer.

Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

What is a spirometer?

A device used to measure the amount of air exchanged in breathing.

How much is the average amount of air exchanged in breathing?

About 1 pint.

What does a respiratory cycle include?

One inspiration and one expiration.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air that can be inhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The amount of air that can be exhaled during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume.

Residual Volume

Air that remains in the lungs after a forced exhale.

Vital Capacity

Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume.

Inspiratory Capacity

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume.

Functional Residual Capacity

Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume.

Total Lung Capacity

Vital capacity plus residual volume.

What is the average breaths per minute in an adult?

12 to 18 breaths per minute.

A normal respiratory rate is known as...

Eupnea.

Hyperventilation

Rapid deep breathing.

Hypoventilation

Slow shallow breathing.

Dyspnea

Labored or difficult breathing, often associated with hypoventilation.

Orthopnea

Dyspnea relieved by moving into an upright or sitting position.

Apnea

When breathing stops completely for a brief period.

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

Cycles of alternating apnea and hyperventilation.

Respiratory Arrest

Failure to resume breathing after a brief period.

Sinusitis

An inflammation of the sinus cavity lining.

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleural membrane.

Acute bronchitis

An acute inflammation of the bronchi, typically due to infection.

What is pneumonia?

An acute inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and bronchi become plugged with thick fluid mucus.

What are tubercles?

Protective capsules the body forms around colonies of tuberculosis (TB).

List and describe three types of COPD.

Chronic Bronchitis - chronic inflammation of the bronchi with excessive mucus production blocking air passages; Asthma - an obstructive disorder characterized by recurring spasms in the air passages causing difficulty in breathing.

Nasal Cavity

Mouth

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea