Studied by 13 people
[case study] What is an example of Urban Sprawl?
Atlanta, Georgia USA
Functions of a settlement - London
Global SOI
6 Airports, one with three runways - global travel
141 shopping centres
Westfield london - High order goods sold [LV, only sephora in the UK]
11 tube lines that cover 402km
Problems caused by urban sprawl:
Atlanta, Georgia
population growth (5.1m in 1 year)
90% of residents drive to work
traffic congestion emits greenhouse gasses
impermeable grounds [more concrete > soil]
hotlana - removal of trees led to temp increase of 10º vs. country
125 hectacres of trees/ day lost
urban area doubled since 1973 to
How many square feet are there of retail and office space in London’s CBD [Canary wharf]
14m sq. ft. of retail and office space
How many jobs are there in London’s CBD [Canary wharf]
1.5 million jobs
What retail opportunities are there in London’s CBD, and what are they called?
three shopping malls: Canada Place, Cabot Place and Jubilee Place.
What transport links are there in London’s CBD?
Jubilee line, Docklands Light Railway and Elizabeth line.
What gives London’s CBD a global sphere of influence?
Its proximity to the elizabeth line [goes to heathrow], and london city airport - 30+ countries
Characteristics of the buildings in London’s CBD?
High rise, modern office and apartment spaces - provide effective use of small amount of land.
how much of London’s employment is Canary Wharf?
1/3
What is the population in Atlanta, Georgia?
5.1 million in 2006, making it the largest metropolitan area in south east USA
What percentage of residents in Atlanta, Georgia drive to work?
90%
What are the problems of people driving to work?
Lots of traffic congestion:
idle CO2 emissions, bronchitis and asthma
people late, decreased quality of life as residents are angry/ stressed on journey to work.
Why are Atlanta’s streets impermeable?
As there is more concrete than soil. This leads to possible flash floods when it rains, as water cannot be absorbed.
Why are temp.s in atlanta so much higher than teh surrounding countryside?
Due to the removal of trees, concrete reflects heat. It is 10˚C warmer than surroundings.
From 1982 to 2002, what percent of Atlanta’s green space was built on?
38%
During times of development, how many hectacres of trees were lost per day in Atlanta?
125 hectacres
Why were areas of east london gentrified?
Due to the London hosting the olympics in 2012.
How many homes were built in the Olympic village?
2,800 houses
What percentage of houses in the Olympic village were deemed ‘affordablle’?
40%, however, due to the extreme poverty of the area, the rent was still unafforable
What job opportunity was presented by the Olympic project?
Construction
Did the new construction jobs change unemployment levels?
YES. Overall, they decreased generally for all of London. However, for the borough of tower hamlets they went up as many jobs didn’t go to locals.
How many council flats were torn down to make way for the project?
450, and forcing 425 residents to move out of the borough
How did the Olympic facilities help the area?
Post the games, the pool was opened up for communal use, giving young athletes the opportunity to train proffesionally.
What did the new space in the park allow to be built?
Chobham Academy Seconadry school.
How did preparing the area for the Olympics help it long term economically?
Stratford tube station was built [ 2 tube lines], connecting locals to zone one - more employment opportunities.
What did the Olympics cost londoners?
£8.77 billion from the tax payer’s budget. £5 billion over.
What happend to property and rental costs in the gentrified areas?
They grew
Due to construction in the olympic park areas, how many animals and what animals had to be relocated?
4,000 smooth newts, 100 toads and 300 common lizards
How much otherwise unusable land was regenerated?
560 acres of derelict land
How was the Olympic stadiums construction good for the enviromnent?
It used 25% recycled materials
How many tonnes of CO2 were emitted from the Olympics in total?
3.3 million tonnes
What was done to the River Lea as a part of the development?
the water quality was cleaned, as well as the urban waste.
What was the clays lane community centre changed into for the olympics?
Velodrome cycling track. Cycle routes were also built, connecting to all of london
How was Hackney Wick developed?
It was cleaned of pollution, becoming a habitat for wetland animals as well as the surrounding area becoming a media centre employing 8000
Before being gentrified, what was the tower hamlet areas average income?
£27,000 per household
What was the clays lane travellers site converted to?
The olympic village. 300 new homes, new school, 250 retail shops.
What was stratford marsh and marshgate industrial park converted to?
Olympic stadium. 80,000 capacity, becoming west ham’s football stadium
Impacts of rapid growth
Atlanta/ Rio de Janiero
What percentage of Rio’s population live in favellas?
17% [ one million people]
What is a favella?
A slum - improper and unsafe housing, often a squatter settlement.
What type of land are many of the favellas constructed on?
Mountanous/ sloping land , that can lead to landslides
Due to the improper materials of the slums, what are many areas vulnerable to?
Flooding.
Why is there a high risk of developing diseases?
[typhoid, Cholera, TB]
No clean water supplies
How may malaria be spread?
Due to freeflowing sewage in slums, mosquitos are attracted, carrying malaria. Without proper medicines, people cannot be treated and so their dead bodies attract more mosquitos.
What other problems do Rio’s favelas face?
High crime rate and illegal activities from gangs ruling areas.
How are youths living educated ?
JAMA [set up in 2020], holds annual meetings for youths to become eco monitors and educate them on the problems of pollution.
How many neighbourhoods were given online learning portals by the schools of tomorrow?
155
What transport links were brought to the slums?
BRT [public busses].
How many passengers a day do the BRT carry?
3.5 million, brining them into the CBD and giving people in poverty job ops
How are waste levels cut down?
Anaerobic waste disposal facility built.
How many tonnes of waste are removed per day by the anearobic facility?
35 tonnes
WHy is there lots of pollution in Favellas?
Due to them being improper housing, there is no proper waste disposal.
What is the Favella Barrio project?
120 favellas were selected to be recognised as proper housing areas in 1994
What developments were made in the Favella Barrio project?
Pavements were built on streets, leisure centres built, rivers chanelled to stop them from changing course, familys in vulerable areas relocated.
Pull factors for internal migration to Rio from countryside
job opportunities
higher wages
better schools and hospitals [ free education from the age of 6]
better housing and services (water, electricity, and sewage)
better transport and communications [metro, bus]
Push factors making people leave their rural homes
few job opportunities
low wages
difficult and unprofitable farming
no land ownership
lack of social amenities
natural hazards, eg drought
Note
Flashcard