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Yalta Conference
1945 meeting to discuss postwar Europe division.
Cold War
Geopolitical tension between the US and USSR.
Marshall Plan
US aid program to rebuild Europe post-WWII.
Potsdam Conference
1945 meeting to finalize postwar arrangements.
Truman Doctrine
US policy to contain communism globally.
Gouzenko Affair
1945 incident revealing Soviet espionage in Canada.
Berlin Division
Germany split into East and West post-WWII.
Soviet Sphere of Influence
Eastern Europe under Soviet control postwar.
Nazi War Crimes
Trials held for Nazi leaders after WWII.
United Nations
International organization founded to promote peace.
Permanent Members
Five nations with veto power in UN.
Reparations
Compensation paid by Germany to Allies.
Eastern European Buffer Zone
Soviet strategy to secure its western border.
Clement Attlee
British Prime Minister during Potsdam Conference.
Harry S. Truman
US President who initiated the Truman Doctrine.
Pro-Soviet Governments
Eastern European states aligned with Soviet ideology.
International Cooperation
UN goal to harmonize actions of nations.
Economic Aid
Financial support to stabilize nations against communism.
Western Powers
Countries opposing Soviet influence in Europe.
Temporary Arrangement
Ongoing division of Germany post-conferences.
Standard of Living
Economic measure improved by Marshall Plan.
Communism
Political ideology opposed by the US during Cold War.
NATO
Military alliance formed for Western defense.
Warsaw Pact
Soviet-led military alliance of Eastern Bloc states.
OAS
Organization promoting peace and solidarity in Americas.
SEATO
Alliance for mutual defense in Southeast Asia.
NORAD
North American defense against aerial threats.
Iron Curtain
Symbolic division between Eastern and Western Europe.
Red Scare
Fear of communism in the Western world.
Berlin Airlift
Allied response to Soviet blockade of West Berlin.
Berlin Wall
Barrier separating East and West Berlin.
Zionism
Movement for establishing a Jewish homeland.
Anti-Zionism
Criticism of Zionism viewed as anti-Semitic by some.
Creation of Israel
UN partitioned Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.
Proxy War
Conflict where third parties support opposing sides.
Kim Il Sung
Leader of communist North Korea.
Syngman Rhee
Leader of democratic South Korea.
Korean War
Conflict between North and South Korea.
UN Military Intervention
UN approved military action in Korean War.
Yalu River
Border between North Korea and China.
General Douglas MacArthur
Led UN forces during Korean War.
Kapyong
Key battle location during Korean War.
Soviet Satellite States
Eastern European countries under Soviet influence.
USSR
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Military Alliances
Agreements for mutual defense among nations.
Post-WW2 World
Global landscape shaped by WWII outcomes.
Arab-Israeli War
Conflict following US recognition of Israel.
Internationalization of Jerusalem
Jerusalem governed by international authority.
Stalemate
A situation where neither side can advance.
Kapyong Valley
Location where Canadian troops aided Americans in 1951.
US Presidential Citation
Award given to Canadians for their bravery.
Armistice of Panmunjom
Ceasefire agreement signed on July 27, 1953.
Suez Canal
Waterway constructed by France and Britain in 1869.
Nationalization
Government takeover of private assets, like the canal.
Colonial Power Balance
Distribution of power among colonial nations.
Nuclear Threat
Soviet Union threatened nuclear action during Suez Crisis.
Peacekeeping Force
International military presence suggested by Lester B. Pearson.
New Canadian Flag
Maple leaf symbol adopted in 1965.
Space Race
Competition between US and USSR for space dominance.
Sputnik
First artificial satellite launched by the Soviets in 1957.
Laika
First animal in space, aboard Sputnik 2.
NASA
US space agency founded in 1958.
ICBMs
Intercontinental ballistic missiles developed during Cold War.
UN Outer Space Committee
Established December 12, 1959 for peaceful space use.
Yuri Gagarin
First human to orbit Earth on April 12, 1961.
Neil Armstrong
First person to walk on the moon, July 1969.
Avro Arrow
Advanced Canadian jet designed to intercept bombers.
Bomarc Missiles
Missiles purchased from the USA after Arrow project cancellation.
Mutually Assured Destruction
Doctrine where both sides would be destroyed in nuclear war.
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
Fidel Castro
Cuban leader who established a communist government in 1959.
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet Premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Naval Quarantine
US blockade of Cuba during the missile crisis.
Fallout Shelters
Structures built to protect against nuclear fallout.
Trade Embargo
US restrictions on trade with Cuba during crisis.
Diplomacy
Negotiation to resolve conflicts without military action.
Fallout Shelter
Public buildings had shelters for nuclear safety.
The Diefenbunker
Fallout shelter built for Canadian PM John Diefenbaker.
Vietnam War
Conflict involving Vietnam, US, and other nations.
Domino Theory
Fear that communism spreads from one country to others.
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
French defeat in Vietnam on May 2, 1954.
International Commission for Supervision and Control
Monitored elections and boundaries in Vietnam, 1954.
International Commission of Control and Supervision
Oversaw ceasefire and prisoner exchanges in Vietnam.
Canada's Role in Vietnam
Served as peacekeepers and supported US efforts.
Agent Orange
Herbicide used in Vietnam, harmful to humans.
Youthquake
Cultural rebellion by baby boomers in the 1960s.
Women's Movement
Advocacy for gender equality and women's rights.
Royal Commission on the Status of Women
Established in 1967 to examine women's societal status.
National Action Committee on the Status of Women
Formed in 1971 to lobby for women's rights.
Immigration Policy Changes
1962 reforms removed racial restrictions on immigration.
Points System
Criteria for immigration based on skills and education.
Multiculturalism Policy
Introduced in 1971 to support cultural diversity in Canada.
Residential Schools
Institutions aimed at assimilating Aboriginal peoples.
The White Paper
1970 proposal to eliminate special rights for Indigenous peoples.
Civil Rights Movement
Struggle for equality and rights for African Americans.
Jim Crow Laws
State laws enforcing racial segregation in the US.
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 Supreme Court case ending school segregation.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Legislation aimed at eliminating racial discrimination in voting.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Leader of the civil rights movement advocating non-violence.
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