Unit 4

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting to discuss postwar Europe division.

Cold War

Geopolitical tension between the US and USSR.

Marshall Plan

US aid program to rebuild Europe post-WWII.

Potsdam Conference

1945 meeting to finalize postwar arrangements.

Truman Doctrine

US policy to contain communism globally.

Gouzenko Affair

1945 incident revealing Soviet espionage in Canada.

Berlin Division

Germany split into East and West post-WWII.

Soviet Sphere of Influence

Eastern Europe under Soviet control postwar.

Nazi War Crimes

Trials held for Nazi leaders after WWII.

United Nations

International organization founded to promote peace.

Permanent Members

Five nations with veto power in UN.

Reparations

Compensation paid by Germany to Allies.

Eastern European Buffer Zone

Soviet strategy to secure its western border.

Clement Attlee

British Prime Minister during Potsdam Conference.

Harry S. Truman

US President who initiated the Truman Doctrine.

Pro-Soviet Governments

Eastern European states aligned with Soviet ideology.

International Cooperation

UN goal to harmonize actions of nations.

Economic Aid

Financial support to stabilize nations against communism.

Western Powers

Countries opposing Soviet influence in Europe.

Temporary Arrangement

Ongoing division of Germany post-conferences.

Standard of Living

Economic measure improved by Marshall Plan.

Communism

Political ideology opposed by the US during Cold War.

NATO

Military alliance formed for Western defense.

Warsaw Pact

Soviet-led military alliance of Eastern Bloc states.

OAS

Organization promoting peace and solidarity in Americas.

SEATO

Alliance for mutual defense in Southeast Asia.

NORAD

North American defense against aerial threats.

Iron Curtain

Symbolic division between Eastern and Western Europe.

Red Scare

Fear of communism in the Western world.

Berlin Airlift

Allied response to Soviet blockade of West Berlin.

Berlin Wall

Barrier separating East and West Berlin.

Zionism

Movement for establishing a Jewish homeland.

Anti-Zionism

Criticism of Zionism viewed as anti-Semitic by some.

Creation of Israel

UN partitioned Palestine into Jewish and Arab states.

Proxy War

Conflict where third parties support opposing sides.

Kim Il Sung

Leader of communist North Korea.

Syngman Rhee

Leader of democratic South Korea.

Korean War

Conflict between North and South Korea.

UN Military Intervention

UN approved military action in Korean War.

Yalu River

Border between North Korea and China.

General Douglas MacArthur

Led UN forces during Korean War.

Kapyong

Key battle location during Korean War.

Soviet Satellite States

Eastern European countries under Soviet influence.

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Military Alliances

Agreements for mutual defense among nations.

Post-WW2 World

Global landscape shaped by WWII outcomes.

Arab-Israeli War

Conflict following US recognition of Israel.

Internationalization of Jerusalem

Jerusalem governed by international authority.

Stalemate

A situation where neither side can advance.

Kapyong Valley

Location where Canadian troops aided Americans in 1951.

US Presidential Citation

Award given to Canadians for their bravery.

Armistice of Panmunjom

Ceasefire agreement signed on July 27, 1953.

Suez Canal

Waterway constructed by France and Britain in 1869.

Nationalization

Government takeover of private assets, like the canal.

Colonial Power Balance

Distribution of power among colonial nations.

Nuclear Threat

Soviet Union threatened nuclear action during Suez Crisis.

Peacekeeping Force

International military presence suggested by Lester B. Pearson.

New Canadian Flag

Maple leaf symbol adopted in 1965.

Space Race

Competition between US and USSR for space dominance.

Sputnik

First artificial satellite launched by the Soviets in 1957.

Laika

First animal in space, aboard Sputnik 2.

NASA

US space agency founded in 1958.

ICBMs

Intercontinental ballistic missiles developed during Cold War.

UN Outer Space Committee

Established December 12, 1959 for peaceful space use.

Yuri Gagarin

First human to orbit Earth on April 12, 1961.

Neil Armstrong

First person to walk on the moon, July 1969.

Avro Arrow

Advanced Canadian jet designed to intercept bombers.

Bomarc Missiles

Missiles purchased from the USA after Arrow project cancellation.

Mutually Assured Destruction

Doctrine where both sides would be destroyed in nuclear war.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 standoff over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Fidel Castro

Cuban leader who established a communist government in 1959.

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet Premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Naval Quarantine

US blockade of Cuba during the missile crisis.

Fallout Shelters

Structures built to protect against nuclear fallout.

Trade Embargo

US restrictions on trade with Cuba during crisis.

Diplomacy

Negotiation to resolve conflicts without military action.

Fallout Shelter

Public buildings had shelters for nuclear safety.

The Diefenbunker

Fallout shelter built for Canadian PM John Diefenbaker.

Vietnam War

Conflict involving Vietnam, US, and other nations.

Domino Theory

Fear that communism spreads from one country to others.

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

French defeat in Vietnam on May 2, 1954.

International Commission for Supervision and Control

Monitored elections and boundaries in Vietnam, 1954.

International Commission of Control and Supervision

Oversaw ceasefire and prisoner exchanges in Vietnam.

Canada's Role in Vietnam

Served as peacekeepers and supported US efforts.

Agent Orange

Herbicide used in Vietnam, harmful to humans.

Youthquake

Cultural rebellion by baby boomers in the 1960s.

Women's Movement

Advocacy for gender equality and women's rights.

Royal Commission on the Status of Women

Established in 1967 to examine women's societal status.

National Action Committee on the Status of Women

Formed in 1971 to lobby for women's rights.

Immigration Policy Changes

1962 reforms removed racial restrictions on immigration.

Points System

Criteria for immigration based on skills and education.

Multiculturalism Policy

Introduced in 1971 to support cultural diversity in Canada.

Residential Schools

Institutions aimed at assimilating Aboriginal peoples.

The White Paper

1970 proposal to eliminate special rights for Indigenous peoples.

Civil Rights Movement

Struggle for equality and rights for African Americans.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation in the US.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court case ending school segregation.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation aimed at eliminating racial discrimination in voting.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of the civil rights movement advocating non-violence.