BIO 1 EXAM

biology def

study of life, how it is organized, living entities

5 components of scientific method

observation, hypothesis, experimentation, data analysis, conclusion

Scientific Objectivity is a …

characteristic of scientific claims, methods and results that are not derived via individual or community bias

A cosmic event that preceded the existence of all that we are, and now know

big bang

seven indispensable characteristics that are shared by all living organisms

made of cells, organized, respond to the environment, grow and develop, reproduce, use energy (metabolism), maintain internal balance (homeostasis)

catabolism

break down molecules (release energy)

anabolism

build up molecules (use energy)

metabolism

chemical reactions within living organisms that use and produce energy, via the use of consumed organic molecules as the raw material

Homeostasis = 

essential feedback mechanisms that detect and make adjustments to maintain internal balance and prevent death

primary goal of science

to produce reliable knowledge, truths about the natural world through a process of testing, (trial and error), and observation. 

Photosynthesis produces…

chemical energy (ATP), glucose (carbohydrates), and oxygen (O₂)

photosynthesis and cellular respiration are..

opposing processes

There is a primary site of ATP generation in all eukaryotes

Mitochondria

Linnaean Taxonomic System

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Biodiversity

variety of all living things and their interactions. 

3 Domains

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

5 Kingdoms

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Phylum

groupings based on a shared overall body plan

Class

more specific trait groupings of phylum members

order

shared features related to common ancestry

family

more closely related and similar

genus

members share common ancestry

species

grouping of organisms with ability to mate and produce fertile offspring 

prokaryotes don’t have a ..

nucleus

Archaea

live under extreme environmental conditions, where oxygen is lacking

how does bacteria acquire nutrients

from their environment

autotrophs

able to synthesize their own nutrients

heterotrophs

acquire nutrients from other sources (consumers, decomposers)

only kingdom that is prokaryote

Monera

ultimate connection

sunlight + plants

Matter

any substance that has mass and occupies space (volume)

Atom

smallest stable unit of matter

Atomic Number

the number of protons in the atomic nucleus

Atomic Mass

the mass sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Element

substance consisting of a single type of atom

Isotope

atom whose nucleus has more neutrons than protons

hierarchical levels of matter

atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell, tissue, organ…

4 most abundant elements in human body

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Trace elements essential for…

growth regulation, and hormone synthesis, functional protein structures, enzyme activity, immune system function, regeneration and repair processes

Most highly reactive

1 or 7 e-

electrons

subatomic particles carrying a negative charge

molecule

2 or more atoms bonded

chemical compound:

substances consisting of two or more different elements/atoms

3 types of chemical bonds

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

covalent

strongest bond, shared electrons increase, bond between atoms increases

ionic bonds

transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom

cations

electropositive

anions

electronegative

hydrogen bond

crucial, not strongest, most important, responsible for properties of water

reactants

starting materials

products

outcome of the reaction

endothermic reaction

stores energy

exothermic reaction

releases energy

enzymes accelerate

reaction rates

essential process ( ) occur in fluid, watery environments

respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion

water is essential for

biochemical reactions

reasons water is important (2)

water concentration in body cells balanced and regulated, water essential for maintaining blood pH

stomach pH

2

0-6 pH scale

acidic

7 pH scale

neutral

8-14

basic

4 main classes of organic macromolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

functional groups

affect the behavior of other organic macromolecules and cellular process.

many macromolecules have

two or more functional groups

dehydration/condensation reaction

join monomers together, while simultaneously removing a molecule of water during the process

hydrolysis reactions

split polymers apart by adding a molecule of water in the process