BIO 103 - Exam 1 (Chapters 1-3) Study Guide

Biology

The study of life.

Botany

The study of plants.

Zoology

The study of animals.

Anatomy

The study of body form and structure.

Physiology

The study of bodily function.

Ecology

The study of interaction of organisms with each other and their environment.

Biochemistry

The study of chemical reactions as they relate to living things.

Taxonomy (taxo = put in order, nomy = law or rule)

The science of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain guidelines.

Classification Categories

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Species

A group of potentially interbreeding organisms.

What are the three domains?

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya

Prokaryotic

Lack a membrane-bound nucleus.

Eukaryotic

Have a membrane-bound nucleus.

What are the three properties of a binomial name?

Consists of the genus and species

capital letter on genus, lower case letter on species

underlined or italicized

What are the four kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?

Protista (Algae, slime, water molds, protozoan)

Fungi (mold, mildew, mushrooms)

Plantae (Grass, trees, shrubs)

Animalia (Humans, Insects, Frogs)

Biosphere

Portion of the earth in which living things exist.

Ecosystem

Community of living organisms and the physical environment.

Theories

Interpretations that take into account the results of many experiements and observations.

Cell

All living things are made up of cells.

Biogenesis (bio = life, genesis = beginning)

Life comes only from pre-existing life.

Gene

Organisms contain coded information that dictates their form, function, and behavior.

Evolution

All organisms have a common ancestor and differ as they've adapted to different ways of life.

What are the steps in the scientific method?

Problem Identification (Observation)

Hypothesis (Educated guess)

Test (Experiment)

New Data (From data)

Conclusion (Support or disprove hypothesis)

Controlled Experiment

Environment is held constant.

Control Group

Goes through all the steps of the experiment expect the one being tested.

Experimental Variable

The factor being tested.

Dependent Variable

The result of the experimental variable.

Descriptive Research

Follows the same steps of the scientic method, but is done by observing organisms in their natural environments.

What is matter?

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

What are the 3 forms of matter?

Solid, Liquid, and Gas.

What is an element?

Basic substances that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties.

What 6 elements make up 98% of living organisms?

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Sulfur

What 4 elements make up 95% of living organisms?

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

What is an atom?

The smallest part of an element that displays all the properties of that element.

What is an atomic symbol?

Abbreviations listed on the Periodic Table. They stand for either English or Latin terms.

What are the 3 subatomic particles?

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.

Where are the 3 subatomic particles located?

Protons - Nucleus

Neutrons - Nucleus

Electrons - Electron Shell

What are the 3 subatomic particles charges?

Protons - +1

Neutrons - 0

Electrons - -1

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons.

What is the atomic mass?

The number of protons plus neutrons.

What determines the chemical properties of an atom?

Energy Levels

Shells and Electron Configuration

Octet Rule

What is an isotope?

Atoms with the same number atomic number but a different atomic mass.

What electrons in an atom have the greatest potential energy?

Electrons that are the farthest away from the nucleus.

How many electrons can be in the shell closest to the atom?

2

How many electrons can be in the other shells around the atom?

8

How many electrons does an atom want in its outer shell?

8

If an atom does not have 8 electrons in its outer shell what does it do to get 8?

Give up electrons

Accept electrons

Share electrons

What is a compound?

Formed when 2 or more elements bond together.

What is a molecule?

The smallest part of a compound that still has the properties of that compound.

What is required to form a bond?

Energy

What is released when a bond is broken?

Energy

What is a reactant and where is it located in the chemical equation?

A reactant is an element that is located on the left of the chemical equation.

What is a product and where is it located in the chemical equation?

The product is the result of when two or more elements bond together and is located on the right of the chemical equation.

What is the ionic bond?

The transfer of electrons between atoms so that each has a complete outer shell.

What is a covalent bond?

Occurs when atoms share electrons so that each has a complete outer shell.

What is a polar covalent bond?

Has an unequal sharing of electrons, giving the molecule an electropositive end an electronegative end.

What is a hydrogen bond?

Occurs between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative hydrogen atom.

What is an ion?

An electrically charged atom.

What does "polar" mean?

Means the difference between electrically positive and electrically negative.

Living organisms of made up of how much water?

70-90%

What are the properties of water?

Water is the universal solvent and facilitates chemical reactions;

Water molecules are adhesive and cohesive;

Water resists changes in state and temperature;

Frozen water is less dense than liquid water.

What is hydrophilic?

Molecules react with water. (Love)

What is hydrophobic?

Molecules don't react with water. (Hate)

What is ionization?

Some water molecules ionize releasing equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

What is OH- and H+ when combined?

Salt

What is an acid?

Molecules that refuse hydrogen ions.

What is a base?

Molecules that remove hydrogen ions.

What is pH?

A measurement of the relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

How is pH measured?

Using the pH scale. The range of the pH scale is 0-14. Acids have a pH of less than 7, bases have a pH of greater than 7, and 7 is neutral.

What is a buffer?

Chemicals that maintain the pH within a normal range by taking up and releasing hydrogen and hydroxide.

What are the 4 primary molecules in living organisms?

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

What is organic?

Associated with living things;

Always contain carbon and hydrogen atoms;

Held together with covalent bonds;

Usually a large number of atoms.

What is inorganic?

Associated with non-living things;

Always contains ions;

Held together with ionic bonds;

Usually a small number of atoms.

What are the characteristics of carbon atoms?

4 electrons in the other shell allow it to bond to as many as 4 other atoms;

Bonds are covalent, thus they are very strong;

Usually bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other carbon atoms;

Ability to bond with other carbon atoms makes carbon chains and rings of different shapes and lengths possible.

How man different atoms can carbon bond with?

4

What do bonds between carbon atoms form?

Carbon chains and rings of different shapes and lengths possible.

What is a "hydrocarbon?"

Chains of carbon atoms bonded exclusively to hydrogen atoms.

What makes up the backbone of organic molecules?

Carbon chains and rings.

What is a functional group?

Clusters of atoms with a certain pattern that behave a certain way.

What is a "polarity?"

Affects the function of a molecule.

The addition of what causes an organic molecule to become polar?

A functional group.

What is an isomer?

Molecules with identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of their atoms. (ex. glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone.)

What is a monomer?

A single part.

What is a polymer?

Multiple parts.

What is a macromolecule?

Make up cells and tissues.

What is dehydration synthesis?

Joins monomers together by removing water.

What is hydrolysis?

Split monomers apart by adding water.

What is a carbohydrate?

Saccharides

What are carbohydrates commonly called?

Sugars

What are carbohydrates used for?

Energy

What elements do carbohydrates contain and in what ratio?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

What is a monosaccharide?

Simple sugars with a backbone of 3-7 carbon atoms. (Ready energy)

How many carbons does a monosaccharide contain?

3-7

What is a disaccharide?

Made up of 2 simple sugars.

What is a polysaccharide?

Made up of more than 2 simple sugars.

What is cellulose?

What is cellulose commonly called?

What is chitin?

Where is cellulose found?

Where is chitin found?