BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM

phase where DNA is doubled (46 chrm to 96)

interphase

DNA condenses into individual chromosomes, and the nucleus break down

Prophase

the condensed chromosomes line up on the equate

metaphase

chromosomes get attached to fibers and begin to pull aprt

anaphase

when cells pinch into the cleavage furrow

Telophase

cells completely split

cytokenesis

Cell increases in size and makes the mRNA and proteins needed for DNA replication  

G1

DNA replication, the chromosomes are duplicated 

S (synthesis)

Rapid cell growth and protein synthesis. Cell prepares for mitosis 

G2

Cytoplasm divides and the two cells separate 

cytokenesis(level)

The green flourescent structures are

spindle fibers

Cella that no longer divide (such as certain specialized cell in the brain) stay in which phase of the cell cycle?

G0 phase

What do daughter cells following mitosis and cytokinesis do?

they are genetically identical to each other to parent cell

Unspecialized cells 

stem cells

Capable of infinite renewal  

stem cells

Inducible (chemical) 

stem cells

Where does mitosis take place in animals?

somatic body cells: skin cells, bone Murrow cells

What model best explains the DNA replication process?

semi-conservative

Which genes cause error are involved in cancer

p53 & BRCA1

What is the purpose of the cell cycle checkpoint?

ro ensure that all cellular processes have been completed correctly before entering next phase

What is the key purpose of apoptosis?

to remove damaged or abnormal cells before they multiply

Where does mitosis in plants take place?

meristems: at tips of root and shoot out

How do multicellular organisms develop from a single cell?

through mitosis divides to produce more cells

What must occur for a cell to be produced?

DNA replication and Cell Division

What is involved at every step of DNA replication?

enzymes

How do enzymes work?

in one directon

What do enzymes exactly to in DNA replication?

proof read and correct any copying errors made

What is the purpose of the centromere?

keeps sister chromatids together in an organized way until they are separated before nuclear division

what is the first step of DNA replication?

unzip

what is the second step of DNA replication?

unwind

what is step three of DNA replication?

add nuclotoids

What is the fourth step of DNA replication?

add new double stranded DNA

Where does DNA replication occur?

in 5 prime to 3 prime location

In eukaryotes, DNA exists in the cell nucleus nd organized into what?

chromosomes

What does semi-conservative mean?

each chromatid contains haff the original parent DNA and half of the new daughter DNA

How are two strand of DNA lengthened?

base pairingG

G pairs with..?

C

A pairs with…?

T

Why does one strand of DNA need to be copied in segments?

bc they only can be replicated in one direction

stem cells have the ability to divide many times while maintaining an unspecialized state 

self-renewal

the ability to differentiate into specialized cells. Different types of stem cells have different levels of potency 

potency

What are the two defining properties of stem cells?

self renewal and potency

What theory states that all living things are composed of cells?

cell theory

What are major lipids in plasma membranes?

Phospholipids

What type of cell has both a nucleus and cell wall?

plant

What is a function of the plasma membrane?

to regulate traffic of chemicals in and out the cell

Can cell membranes self-repair?

true

Can Chloride ions cross the cell membrane passively?

No

What is biology

the study of life

build up of individual amino acids?

proteins

what does amino acids provide for proteins?

structure and nutrients

What does a virus contain?

genetic material (DNA or RNA)

macromolecules that carry and transmit genetic information in all living organisms?

nucleic acids

organic compounds that are carbon based and mostly non polar and hydrophobic?

Lipids

Lipids=?

fats

Are Hydrophobic?

non polar 

hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

polar

organic compounds that serve as primary source of energy for living organisms?

carbohydrates

simple sugar

monosacharides

complex carbohydrates

polysacharides

What is the first primary level of a protein?

is list of amino acids from start to finish

What is the secondary level of a protein?

local folding like alphaheilies

What is the tetrarchy level of a protein?

3D shape of protein

What is the quaternary level of a protein?

2 or more proteins that link up to make a bigger protein

What is the first level of a protein?

primary

what is the second level of a protein?

secondary

What is the third level of a protein?

tetrarchy

What is the fourth level of a protein?

quatrtanary

What are saturated fats at room temperature?

solid

What are unsaturated fats at room temperature?

liquid

Have a nucleas? (e or p)

eukaryotic

Have membrane bound organelles? ( e or p)

eukaryotic

Have linear chromosomes? ( e or p)

eukaryotic

are complex? ( e or p)

eukaryotic

have no nucleas? (e or p)

prokaryotic

are single celled? (e or p)

prokaryotic

have circular DNA? ( e or p)

Prokaryotic

have no membrane bound organelles? ( e or p)

prokaryotic

Can glucose cross the cell membrane?

yes

can ethanol pass the cell membrane?

yes

can h20 pass the cell membrane?

yes

can C02 pass the cell membrane?

yes

can o2 pass the cell membrane?

yes

when molecules move directly across cell membrane without assistance?

simple diffusion

What does diffusion allow the cell to do?

to make exchanges with their extracellular environment

when molecules and ions are transported across membrane by specific carrier and channel proteins

facilitated diffusion

allow large lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot cross membrane by simple diffusion to be transported into the cell

carrier proteins

channel proteins in to the plasma membrane inorganic proteins to…

pass through

special channel proteins for rapid diffusion of water

aquaporins

the movement of molecules (or ions) from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration across cell membrane by transport protein

active transport

why does active transport need energy to proceed?

b/c molecules are being moved against their concentration gradient

Where does energy for active transport come from?

hydrolysis

What are transport proteins in the membrane used to do?

to actively transport molecules from one side of the membrane to the other side

directly uses ATP for the energy needed to transport molecules

primary active transport

active process involving the plasma membrane

cytosis

vesicles merge with plasma membrane to export material from the cell

exocytosis

plasma membrane folds around a substance that is to be transported into cell

endocytosis

what do both endocytosis and exocytosis require

energy

triggered when certain metabolites, hormones, or viral particles bind to specific receptor proteins on the membrane

receptor mediated endocytosis

signaling molecules secreted by a neuron

neurotransmitters