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Photosynthesis
The process by which certain organisms, like plants and some bacteria, convert light energy into chemical energy.
Aerobic Respiration
The process of producing cellular energy in the presence of oxygen, typically involving the mitochondria.
Phospholipid Bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up the plasma membrane, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
Cyanobacteria
A type of photosynthesizing bacteria that can perform photosynthesis without organelles like chloroplasts.
Flagella
A whip-like structure that bacteria and some eukaryotic cells use for locomotion.
Pili
Hair-like surface proteins on bacteria that allow for adhesion and conjugation.
Conjugation
A process in bacteria where genetic information is transferred between cells through a structure called a sex pilus.
Eukaryotic Cells
Complex cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, distinguished from prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondria
Organelles in eukaryotic cells that are the site of cellular respiration and ATP production.
Lysosomes
Membranous organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
Chromatin
A complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis, consisting of rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that provide structural support and shape to the cell, composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Extracellular Matrix
A network outside of cell membranes that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
Endosymbiosis Theory
The theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells through a process where one cell engulfed another.
Chloroplasts
Organelles in eukaryotic cells responsible for photosynthesis, thought to have originated from cyanobacteria.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, a process regulated by lysosomes to remove unnecessary or damaged cells.
Cell Wall
A rigid outer layer found in plant, fungal, and prokaryotic cells that provides structure and protection.
Fluid Mosaic Model
A conceptual model describing the structure of cell membranes as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
