Notes - PRELIMS_Week1-8 - FUNPROG

Computer

An electronic device that stores and processes data.

Program

A sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data.

Computer Programs

known as software, are instructions that tell a computer what to do.

Machine Language

A computer’s native language, consisting of built-in primitive instructions.

Assembly Language

A low-level programming language that uses mnemonics to represent machine-language instructions.

Assembler

A tool used to translate assembly-language programs into machine code.

Mnemonic

A symbolic name used in assembly language to represent an instruction or operation.

High-Level Language

A programming language that is platform-independent and can run on different types of machines.

Statements

Instructions in a high-level programming language.

Source Program

A program written in a high-level language.

Interpreter

A program that reads and executes source code statements one at a time.

Compiler

A program that translates an entire source program into a machine-language file for execution.

Pseudocode

An informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms.

Flowchart

A diagram that depicts the flow of a program.

Terminals

Rounded rectangles in flowcharts indicating starting or ending points.

Input/Output Operations

Parallelograms in flowcharts indicating input or output operations.

Processes

Rectangles in flowcharts indicating processes like computations or variable assignments.

Decision Symbol

A condition function in flowcharts that can be answered with true or false.

Module

A subroutine that contains the function of the flowchart.

On-page Connector

Indicates that the process continues on the same page in a flowchart.

Off-page Connector

Indicates where the matching off-page connector is placed in a flowchart.

Flow Lines

Lines that indicate the direction of flow in a flowchart.

Sequence Structure

A series of actions performed in sequence.

Decision Structure

A structure that chooses between different paths based on a condition.

Repetition Structure

A structure that repeats steps until a condition is met.

Case Structure

A structure that chooses between different paths based on user decisions.

int main()

The function where program execution begins in C++.

Object Program

The machine language version of a high-level language program.

Linker

A program that combines the object program with other programs to create executable code.

Loader

A program that loads an executable program into main memory.

#include

A directive that instructs the preprocessor to include the iostream header file.

Namespaces

Used in C++ to avoid naming conflicts.

Return 0;

Terminates the main() function and returns the value 0 to the calling process.

Stream Insertion Operator

The operator '>>' used for input in C++.

Stream Extraction Operator

The operator '<

Identifier

A name used to identify a variable, function, class, or module.

Comments

Explanatory statements included in C++ code for clarity.

Variable

Named storage that programs can manipulate.

Local Variables

Variables declared inside a function or block.

Global Variables

Variables defined outside of all functions, usually at the top of the program.

Operator

A symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.

Mixed Expression

An expression with operands of different data types.

Float

A data type that can represent decimal numbers.

Order of Precedence

Rules that determine the order in which operators are evaluated in an expression.

Increment Operator

An operator that increases the value of a variable by 1.

Decrement Operator

An operator that decreases the value of a variable by 1.

Prefix Form

The variable is incremented or decremented first before being used in an expression.

Postfix Form

The current value of the variable is used first before being incremented or decremented.

Assignment Operators

Operators that assign values to variables in C++.

Implicit Conversion

Automatic conversion done by the compiler without specific instructions from the programmer.

Explicit Conversion

Conversion that requires the programmer to specify that it should take place.

Relational Operators

Operators that compare two values and return true or false.

Logical Operators

Operators that perform logical operations on boolean values.

Truth Table

A table that shows the output of logical operations based on different input combinations.

Constants

Fixed values that cannot be modified after their initial assignment.

Assignment Statement

A fundamental C++ construct that changes the value of a variable.

Expression Evaluation

The process of evaluating the expression on the right-hand side of an assignment operator.

Variable Assignment

Storing the evaluated result of an expression in a variable.

Preprocessor Directives

Special instructions processed before the actual compilation of C++ code.

Syntax Errors

Errors that occur due to incorrect syntax in the code.

Semantic Errors

Errors that occur when the code is syntactically correct but semantically incorrect.

Linker Errors

Errors that occur when the linker encounters problems combining compiled code.

Runtime Errors

Errors that occur during the execution of a program.

Segmentation Faults

Errors that occur when a program tries to access memory it doesn't have permission to access.

Division by Zero

An error that occurs when a program tries to divide a number by zero.

Floating-Point Exceptions

Errors that occur during invalid floating-point operations.

Logical Errors

Errors that arise from flawed logic in the program.

Indentation

Used to visually group related code blocks for clarity.