Studied by 17 people
What is the Social Contract Theory?
Broad term that thinks through what sort of societal contract might exist to understand how to balance freedom vs security
What is the Original Position?
Think of yourself behind the veil of ignorance where you dont know any of your contingent traits (male or female) (Intelligent or unintelligent)
What is the Natural Lottery?
You don't know if your going to end up rich or poor, intelligent or unintelligent, medical condition or no condition
What is the Principle of Libery?
Idea that everybody should be free or have liberty in terms of basic rights and basic duties (Everybody should have fair share)
Principle of Equality of Opportunity
Social and economic inequalities are just or fair only if they result in benefits for EVERYONE (Everybody should have a shot at a decent life)
What is Democratic Socialism?
Tax the rich to ensure that we have social programs in place so people have access to healthcare, education, etc
What is Free Market Capitalism?
We should allow the market to be as free as possible with as little government interference because it respects the freedom of the consumers to choose their products and what they want/need
What is the Invisible Hand?
Consumers basing decisions on self-interest creates a positive outcome for the economy
What is Privatization?
Transfer of business or services from public (government) ownership to private ownership and control
What are the 3 Aims of Healthcare?
Prevent death and disability
Relieve pain and suffering
Restore to functional health
What does Rawls believe about Health as a Primary Good?
Do not need to know anything about an individual to know that they care about health
What does Freedman believe about Health as a Primary Good?
Healthcare is necessary for some people to be healthy and in order to have healthcare aims, it should not be privatized
What is Equity as Equality in Healthcare?
Providing everyone with same exact level of care (Does not work = People start at different points, People born with condition need more care)
What is Equity as Access in Healthcare?
Solely according to benefit or need - everyone receives healthcare that is of any need or benefit to them (Does not work = There may be a medical procuedure to benefit an indvidual but there is another one that is better but cannot get it due to resources )
What is Equity as an adequate level of healthcare?
Everyone should have access to an adequate level of healthcare (Set priorities and access to healthcare to certain individual while also realizing societies resources are limited)
What is your Moral Conceptual Scheme?
Your family background, educational background, and religious background all things come together to give an understanding of reality and how ethics works
What is the Drowning Child Example?
If you can save a drowning child with very little consequences then you should do so
What is the Argument from Consistency?
If you believe this and it leads to that, then you should believe in that too (If you believe you should save a drowning kid, then you should also believe in saving underdeveloped countries)
What is Appealing to Normality?
Lets do things the way we normally do things because thats the way everybody else does things
What is Supererogatory?
Morally praiseworthy but not required (Its nice if you do it, but you do not HAVE to do it)
What is Marginal Utility?
They are able to be functional and useful because their basic needs are met
What is the Argument from Fairness?
If a certain group has access to something that makes them better off, another group should have the same access if their lot in life is undeserved (Unfair for the rich to have privileges not available to the poor)
What is the Argument from Analogy?
If you agree with the first case, out of consistency, you need to agree with the other one
What is the Slippery Slope Fallacy
If you allow this to occur (X) it will eventually lead to Y, which will lead to Z - and you don't want Z so you better not even allow X
What is the difference between Body as person vs. Body as property
Body as a person = “I am my body”
Body as property = “I own my body” Not respecting its nature to do this
Can led to looking at human bodies as mere means and objectify them
What to know about LDCs?
Affluent countries will obviously exploit poor people in LDCs for their own advantage
What is the meaning of Guardian ad litem?
State appointed person to give a objective opinion on a situation (Typically lawyers or social workers)
What are the elements of Competence?
Capacity for communication (allows one's choice and give consent)
Capacity for reasoning and deliberation (allows one to think through alternatives)
A set of values or conception of the good (allows to make determination that aligns with one's values)
What is the Threshold Concept?
Setting a standard bar that a person reaches or does not
Ex: Passing or failing class (Either or sort of thing)
What is the Comparative Concept?
This thing is more like a spectrum (Some people are on the left and some people on the right but we do not have a certain line)
What is the Fixed Minimal Capacity View?
Holds that a person is competent if they possess the relevant decision-making capacities at some specified level (If a persons decision-making capacities meet/exceed the threshold, then they are considered a competent individual)
What is the Decision-Relative view?
More aligned with common sense, informed consent, and more aligned with our legal framework (More complex the decision the more due diligence we should do to determine whether your competent or not)
What is a Living Will?
Legal document people can turn to if something were to happen to an individual to where they became incompetent (individuals wishes)
What is a Durable Power of Attorney?
Someone an individual elects to act on your behalf even if you become incapacitated
What is Persistent vegetative state (PVS)?
Characterized by sleeing and waking cycles (Waking = eye movements and making noises = moans, laughter, and crying)
What are the steps of the Subjective Standard?
Consult the persons living will
Appeal to the durable meical power of attorney
Follow the persons oral directive
Deduce their wishes from how they reacted to medical treatment administered to others
Deduce their wishes from their religious beliefs
What is the Limited Objective Standard?
There is some evidence the patient would have refused the treatment
The surrogate agent is satisfied that the burdens of the patient continued life with treatment outweigh the benefits of living
(IS it better for the person to keep living or are their more burdens in doing so which makes it more humane to end the suffering)
What is the Pure Objective Standard
Surrogate agent is satisfied that the burdens of the patients continued life with treatment outweigh the benefits of living
The recurring, unavoidable, and severe pain of the patients life with the treatment should be such that the effect of administering life-sustaining treatment would be inhumane
What is the Biographical Life?
She/He is no longer the author of her life story
What is Imago Dei?
Humans are made “in the image and likeness of god” (Humans are kind of like god because we are partially rational while god is fully rational)
We are able to choose from good or evil
What is the Catholic View on End of Life Care?
Cutting a life short is essentially not heeding gods plan and there are consequences for morally doing so (BE ABLE TO ADMIT WHEN THE END IS THE END (AS LONG AS ITS A NATURAL DEATH))
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