Movements for equality - history UNIT 9

Plessy v. Ferguson

court ruled segregation was constitual

esttabloished “seperate but equal” doctrine

NAACP

1909 focused on court cases aimed overturningg segregation

Rosa Parks

1955-1956

left her job as a seamstress, went to the bus & it got full 

her middle row was expected to move at the back but she ddin’t & got arrested 
front: whites
back: blacks

CORE

Congress of Racial equality 1942

James Farmer & George House founded core in chicago


SIT INS: 

blacks taking up space in restaurnats as a force of nonviolent protest

focus: desegregating restaurants 

Brown v. Board of ED., Topeka, Kansas

1954

segregation in public schools is unconstitual violated the spirit of 14th amendment (equal protection) under the law

Montgomery Bus Boycott

boycott of no blacks on bus (roughly lasted a yr) 
this was successful bc of the court (the buses lost $ from no blacks inside)

Nonviolent Passive Resistance

sit ins, & boycotts, marches

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

leader of SCLC, leads the montogomery bus boycott to preach nonviolent resistance 

SCLC

(Southern Christian Leadership Conference) 
goal: eliminate segregation & encourage blacks to vote

challeged segregation at voting booths, transportation, housing & acommodations 

Little Rock Nine

9 black students from SCLC had to atttend Central High School Little Rock in Arkansas

Governor Faubus calls national guard to block off the entrance from the 9 black students from entering 

IN REPSONSE: 

President IKE (eisenhower) protecting these students with the military (101st airborne) from the white mobs

SNCC

student nonviolent coordinating committee

formed after the success of the sit ins biracial group 

freedom riders

whites + blacks rode in buses together to make the south listen

but the KKK throws Molotovs at bus when students leave & they are beaten 

Birminham Campaign

nonviolent direct action protest thru media to bring attention to segregation in the south

“Letter from Birmingham jail”

clergy men agree that segregation should end, but accused him of being an outsider who used violence - racial issues should be properly pursued court

Civil Rights Act of 1964

london Johnson gets this act across 
outlawed segregation + in public places 

allowed anyone in public places 

selma March

(3/7) 600 whites & blacks March to Selma to montogarmy
goal: March to freedom -

lead by Jose William & John Louis

stopped by troops attacked / beaten

(3/9) small group go the bridge & pray and then leave to go home 
symbolizing; we are not done

London B Johnson wants to pass the bill of voting right laws now

(3/21-25) he protects the marchers by giving national guards to finally finish their march

voting rights act of 1965

suspsended literacy tests, etc for voting (Aug 4)

results: immediate → having more blacks vote

turning point of civil rights

free speech movement

1964 (students can’t give their pamplets)
In UC Berkley Mario Savio lead the free speech movement

the uni restricted students’ rights to distribute literature and to recruit volunteers for political causes on campus

protests like “sit-ins” had ppl arrested

results: ppl went on strike & professors didn’t teach

later supreme court gave freedom of speech including colleges that limit but can’t stop this freedom of speech

woodstock

1969

music festival - massive & great (reflection of counter culture - trying to bring ppl together w/ arts) showed rebellion & defiance

breaking from social norms

NOW

National Organization for Women

Betty Friedan founded NOW

goal: to give women greater educational & career opportunities

some issues: needed legislatino to repeal laws against abortion, employment, housing, and education

Equal Rights Amendment

equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or any state on account of sex

Phyllis Schlafy

organizer of the Stop ERA (equal rights amendment) which campaigned to defeat the ERA

Title IX

increased opportunities for women & in college athletics

Roe V. Wade

state government couldn’t regulate abortion during the 1st 3 months of pregnancy

Ceasar Chavez

mirigrant farm laborer in National workers association & former runner in United Farm Workers

Dolores Huerta

helped w/ community service organization & in national farm workers association & united farm workers

Grape boycott

to bring attention for union recognition & to promote philosophy of nonviolence

United Farm Workers

advocate for safe & fair conditions for agricultural workers

National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) & agricultural workers organizing Committee (AWOC) merged to form the United Farm Workers (UFW)

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

officals at the university of California at Davis Medical school had turned down the application of a white applicant: Allan Bakke

court ruled that the uni violated bakke’s civil rights

indian civil rights act 1968

guaranted reservation residents the bill of Rights protection while also recognizing tribal courts

wounded knee

south Dakota where US troops killed hundred of Sioux in 1890

rehabilitation Act of 1973

no person w/ a disability can be discriminated against/ in any way by an entity that recievces federal funding

Earth Day

devoted to environmental concerns

inspired the environmental movement

clean air act

restricted the discharge of polluatants into the nation’s lakes

goal: to help reduce smog & pollution

love canal

citizens sat on a decade-old toxic waste dumb that caused health problems such as nerve damage, blood diseases, cancer, & miscarriagnes

president Carter have to call for emergency aid & moved 500 families who remained to new locations

Three Mile Island

Three Mile’s Island’s nuclear facility overheated (bc of cooling system failed) radiation escaped & ppl had to evacuate

LGBTQIA+

Mattachine Society 1950

• “sip ins” gay ppl protest asking for alcohol & expressing their pride

Lavender Scare 1950s

• hunting for homosexuals simlar to communists

Daughter of Bilitis 1955

• Del Martin & Physllis Lyon lesbian couple recieve a marriage certificate in San Franscio in 2004

Stonewall June 28, 1969

• policing finding gay bars & arresting them

first pride parade

christopher Stree Liberation March

• thousands of ppl marched 51 blocks

• june, 28, 1970