Review 3 EUKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES ( Animl Cell Parts )

• made of multiple cells with specialized functions (multicellular)

• have a more complex structure than prokaryotic cells.

NUCLEUS

• most prominent organelle in a cell.

• houses the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

• double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus

• acts like a protective barrier

• controls what enters and leaves the nucleus through pores

NUCLEAR PORES

• tiny openings in the nuclear envelope

• allow movement of materials  in and out

NUCLEOPLASM

• gel-like fluid inside the nucleus

• allows transport of molecules within the nucleus

CHROMATIN

• thread-like material made of DNA and proteins

• contains the genetic instructions of the cell

• condenses into chromosomes when the cell divides

NUCLEOLUS

• a dense, dark region inside the nucleus

• produces ribosomes (specifically rRNA and ribosomal subunits)

MITOCHONDRIA

• also known as “powerhouses” or “energy factories”

• an oval-shaped, double membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA.

• its inner layer has folds called cristae

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• produces and transports materials throughout the cell.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 2 types

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

• has ribosomes attached and helps produce and transport proteins.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 2 types

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

• has no ribosomes

• responsible for making lipids (fats); detoxifying harmful substances; and storing calcium.

GOLGI APPARATUS

modifies, sorts, packages, and transports materials to their proper destinations inside or outside the cell.

CELL MEMBRANE

acts as a selective barrier

controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

LYSOSOMES

• digests waste materials and recycles old or damaged cell components

CYTOPLASM

jelly-like substance that fills the inside of the cell.

PEROXISOME

membrane-bound organelle that breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances, using enzymes to convert toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

VACUOLE

• membrane-bound storage sac that stores water, nutrients, wastes, and other materials.

CYTOSKELETON

• network of protein fibers that provides structural support, maintains cell shape, enables movement, and transports materials within the cell.

CENTROSOME

• cell's microtubule-organizing center, which forms the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during cell division and helps organize the cytoskeleton.