Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis 1

Sex and Aggression

The twin cornerstones of Psychoanalysis

Hysteria

Jean Martin-Charcot

Catharsis

Josef Breuer

Unconscious

Contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.

Preconscious

Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty.

Consciousness

Those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time. It is the only level of mental life directly available to us.

Phylogenetic Endowment

Consists of inherited experiences that lie beyond an individual's personal experiences.

Conscious Perceptions

What a person perceives is conscious for only a transitory period; it quickly passes into the preconscious when the focus of attention shifts to another idea.

Unconscious

Freud believed that ideas could slip past the vigilant censor and enter into the preconscious in a disguised form.

Perceptual Conscious System

Turned toward the outer world and acts as a medium for the perception of external stimuli.

Mental Structure

Nonthreatening ideas from the preconscious as well as the menacing but well-disguised images from the unconscious.

Id

➢ The Pleasure Principle

➢ Reservoir of instinct and libido

➢ Instant gratification

➢ Selfish, pleasure-seeking structure, primitive, amoral, insistent, and rash

➢ Primary-process thought

➢ Secondary-process thought

Ego

➢ The Reality Principle

➢ Grows out of ID during infancy

➢ Person’s sole source of communication with the external world

➢ Decision-making, Executive branch of personality

➢ Partly conscious, partly preconscious, partly unconscious

➢ Takes into consideration the ID, the EGO, the SUPEREGO, and the External World

➢ Use of repression and other defense mechanisms against anxiety

➢ The origin of the SUPEREGO at 5 or 6 years old

Superego

➢ The Moralistic/Idealistic Principle

➢ Grows out of the EGO

➢ Has no contact with the outside world and therefore is unrealistic in its demands for perfection

➢ Learned through rules and conduct of parents

➢ Conscience and Ego-ideal

Instincts

Motivating forces that drive behavior and determine its direction

Homeostatic Approach

We are motivated to restore and maintain a condition of physiological equilibrium, or balance, to keep the body free of tension

Life Instincts

serve the purpose of survival of the individual and the species by seeking to satisfy the needs for food, water, air, and sex

Cathexis

An investment of psychic energy in an object or person

Aggressive Drive

The compulsion to destroy, conquer, and kill; described as the wish to die turned against objects other than the self

Erogenous Zones

Parts of the body capable of producing sexual pleasure

Primary Narcissism

Infants are primarily self-centered, with their libido invested almost exclusively in their own ego

Secondary Narcissism

Adolescents often redirect their libido back to the ego and become preoccupied with personal appearance and other self-interests

Sadism

Need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person

Masochism

Experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by themselves or others

Neurotic Anxiety

Apprehension about an unknown danger

Moral Anxiety

Conflict between the ego and the superego

Realistic Anxiety

Unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger

Repression

Involves unconscious denial of the existence of something that causes anxiety

Denial

Involves denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event

Reaction Formation

Involves expressing an id impulse that is the opposite of the one truly driving the person

Projection

Involves attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else

Introjection

People incorporate the positive qualities of another person into their own ego

Regression

Involves retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life and displaying the childish and dependent behaviors characteristic of that more secure time

Rationalization

Involves reinterpreting behavior to make it more acceptable or less threatening

Displacement

Involves shifting id impulses from a threatening or unavailable object to a substitute object that is available

Fixation

Permanent attachment of the libido to an earlier, more primitive stage of development

Sublimation

Involves altering or displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behavior

Oral Stage

Birth-1; Mouth is the primary erogenous zone; pleasure derived from sucking; Id is dominant

Anal Stage

1-3; Toilet training interferes with gratification received from defecation

Phallic Stage

4-5; Incestuous fantasies; Oedipus Complex; Anxiety; Superego Development

Latency Stage

5-Puberty; Period of sublimation of sex instinct

Genital Stage

Adolescence-Adulthood; Development of sex-role identity and adult social relationships

Oral-receptive Phase

Infants feel no ambivalence toward the pleasurable object and their needs are usually satisfied with a minimum of frustration and anxiety

Oral-sadistic Phase

Infants respond to others through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling, or crying

Early Anal Period

Children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects

Late Anal Period

Sometimes take a friendly interest in their feces, an interest that stems from the erotic pleasure of defecating

Anal Character

People who continue to receive erotic satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by arranging them in an excessively neat and orderly fashion

Anal Triad

Orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy that typifies the anal character