ANSC 221 WEEK 1

Cells

• basic unit of life

• Have compartmentalized organelles (not present in all) composed of macromolecule and lipids

• Work together to maintain life

Alive

• animals

• Plants

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Fungi

Not alive

• prions

• Viruses

Macromolecules

• polymers composed of monomers

• Ex. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Monomers

• different names for each macromolecules

• Polymerize via specific chemical reactions (covalent bonds)

Polymers

• new functions emerge unique to polymers

• Lipids are NOT this

Sense

• monomers polymerize in a specific direction (specific ends of molecules bond)

• Includes: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Informational

• the order of monomers in the polymer matters when conveying information

• Order of monomers greatly influences the informational code or function

• Includes: proteins and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides polymerize to form _____

• made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Each polysaccharide type has unique sense (chemical bonds), unique monomers, but no unique element components

Proteins

• Amino acids polymerize to form _____

• made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

• Have sense and informational properties

• Primary component of the cytoskeleton

Nucleic acids

• Nucleic acids polymerize to form ______

• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

• Have sense and informational properties

• Stores genetic information

Lipids

• A diverse class of biological molecules

• A component of EVERY organelle

• Polymerize via hydrophobic interactions, not covalent bonds

• made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and many others

Cytoskeleton

• network of protein filaments providing structure and a transportation network cells

Enzymes

• protein and sometimes nucleic acids catalysts that enhance the rate of biochemical reactions

Membranes

• cellular structure that contains lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

• Regulates the entry and exit of molecules

Nucleus

• stores, copies, and transmits genetic information for the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• synthesizes biological molecules for the cell

• Rough

  • Synthesis of secreted proteins (has ribosomes)

• Smooth

  • Synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates, storage of calcium (no ribosomes)

Golgi

• processes biological molecules for cellular transport within membranes

Mitochondrion

• performs respiratory metabolism to capture energy for the cells

• Found in plants, animals, and fungi

• Originated via endosymbiosis

Chloroplast

• performs photosynthetic metabolism to synthesize sugars for the cell

• Found only in plants

• Originated via endosymbiosis

Taxonomy

• an organism’s place or name within this organization

• Plants, animals, and fungi share the same one

Prokaryotes

• bacteria, archaea

• Simple organelles (not membrane bound)

• Unicellular

Eukaryotes

• fungi, plants, animals

• Diverse, membrane-bound organelles

• Can be unicellular and multicellular

Organization of life

Atoms → molecules → macromolecules → cell structures/organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organism

Chemical bonds

Interactions between atoms that keep them close together

Covalent bond

Interaction where atoms share valence electrons

Salt bridges

• stronger bond

• Combination of H-bonding and ionic interaction; a strong biochemical interaction found in proteins

• Includes: ionic interactions, ion-dipole, hydrogen bonds

Van der waals force

• weaker bonds

• Includes: LDFs, dipole-diple

Polarity

• unequal sharing of electrons in a chemical bond, resulting in partial charges on the involved atoms

Electronegativity

• tendency for an atom to attract electrons towards itself (over other atoms in a chemical bond)

Dipoles

• chemical bonds with positively and negatively charged parts (atoms)

Ionic bond

• bond between positively and negatively charged atoms (full charges on atoms from electron exchange allow bonding)

Ion-Dipole Interactions

• Ionic charges (cations and anions) and opposite partial charges (dipoles) interact

Strongest to weakest bonds

Covalent bond → ion-ion → ion-dipole → H-bond → dipole-dipole → dipole-induced dipole → induced dipole-induced dipole

H-bond donor

Electronegative atom covalently bonded to hydrogen contributed to the h-bond interaction

H-bond acceptor

Electronegative atom that contributes an unshared pair of electrons to the h-bond interaction