SCIENCE SSA

scientific law

a statement that a particular phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions are present

scientific theory

A scientific theory is an explanation for why things work or how things happen. Scientists develop theories based on their observations of the world around them. Theories are based on ideas that can be tested

Whats the point of reveiwing some elses experiment?

make sure they have no mistakes in their procedure

how can a theory change

new evidence is found

how can the results of an experiment be validated?

someone replicates it and gets the same results

accurate records arent kept during expeiment, consquences?

all your findings are rejected and arent considred to be very valid

Why is repetition important?

Having many replicates in an experiment decreases the possibility that chance will affect the outcome.

When scientists conduct experiments, they share their data and conclusions with other scientists so that

Other scientists can try to verify the results by repeating the same procedure.

SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS RESULTS SHOULD BE

REPEATABLE

benefits of using model

more accessible, safe etc.

How do theories come to be accepted?

. A lot of scientific evidence was found that supported this theory.

best way that today's scientists should gather support for a new theory

providing evidence

how theories are affected by new discoveries?

They are sometimes modified.

If you have 2 test variables, how many test variables will you have over all?

3, because you need something to compare the 2 test too. EXAMPLE- 2 tests, 1 control

If experiment records are not accurate than

results will be inconclusive and unreliable.

scenario: You do an experiment comparing 2 things, After testing you find the difference betw/ the 2 thing isnt really big SO....

Do more trials to see if the difference in time really is significant.

how many test variables can you have at a time?

1

Dependent vs Independent

An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.

climate vs weather

-->Climate describes conditions over a period of time longer than a week.

--> weather is the given current atmospheric conditions.

Long-term climate cycles are caused by...

a. variations in the shape of Earth's orbit

b. the slow movement of the continents

c. changes in ocean circulation

What is a period with below-average precipitaion called?

drought

EARTHS LAYER- from inner to outer

solid dense inner metal core

liquid metal outer core

mantle

crust

where do convection currents occur in earths layers

mantle

Why is the climate at the equator hot and humid?

the Sun strikes at a nearly 90 degree angle there

you leave a pizza outside in the sun. You come back an hour later and the pizza is hot. Explain this phenomenon b.

electromagnetic waves from the Sun come in contact with the pizza. it causes the particles to move faster. heating the pizza.

hows the Sun involved with the water cycle.

- Sun transfers energy to the water in lakes, ponds etc. Water then evaporates as water vapor and when the water vapor condenses, it forms precipitation (rain), then falls back to the ground eventually flowing back to the original source. aka the water cycle.

consequence of deforestation?

decreased biodiversity

weathering vs erosion

eathering is the breaking down of stuff; erosion is the movement of weathered materials.

how can a island change shape?

storms can cause wind and waves to move island sand from 1 place to another..

principle of superposition- what is it basically?

how is it unreliable at times ?

In an area of undisturbed rock, the oldest layers of rock will be on the bottom."

- The sequence of rock layers can be disturbed by erosion and earthquakes.

features in rocks found in North America are very similar to those found in other continents, like Africa. This could be considered evidence for which theory?

The continents used to be joined together.

why's radiocarbon dating used to determine the accurate age of organism remains etc.

items contain radioactive isotopes that decay at a constant rate.

what is the main force that causes tectonic plates to move?

convection currents in Earth's lithosphere

Mountains are formed in which areas?

. where tectonic plates move toward each other

-Plates of Earth's crust slowly collided until one plate was on top of the other and pushed upward.

Earthquakes tend to occur most often in areas where tectonic plates do what?

grind past each other

Which have the longer periods of revolution? Which are colder?

gas giants or terrestrial planets

gas giants. They are farther from the sun thus take longer to make a revolution. They are also colder because they're so far from the sun.

Why does it take light from the Sun so long to reach Earth when it is traveling so fast?

Light from the Sun travels a vast distance before it reaches Earth.

what is one thing all of these planets have in common?

They travel in elliptical (oval-ish) orbits.

. Why is Pluto classified as a dwarf planet

There are other objects in Pluto's orbit.

What common factor do all the terrestrial planets share?

They are all inside the asteroid belt.

What are objects that revolve around planets while the planets revolve around the Sun?

satellites

Which is a property of stars used to describe how bright the star looks to an observer on Earth?

apparent magnitude.

THE FARTHER THE STAR IS, THE DULLER IT LOOKS IN THE SKY

which star is hotter; red or blue

blue

relationship between the luminosity of two stars that have the same radius?

The star that is hotter will have a higher luminosity.

relationship between the luminosity of two stars that are the same temperature?

The star with the greater radius will have a higher luminosity.

sun traits

-sunspots appear as dark areas on the Sun's surface, and can last for a very long time.

- the Sun is not solid, and it is instead made up of gas and plasma.

-the Sun rotates, even though different parts rotate at different rates.

Venus is closer to the sun than earth. Does venus have a longer year or Earth?

Venus.

THE CLOSER YOU ARE TOO THE SUN, THE SHORTER THE YEAR/REVOLUTION

Why can earth support life?

its unique atmosphere, it has water, nice climate for life etc.

Cause of solar eclipse

cause of lunar eclipse

what causes a higher high tide and lower low tide?

sun, moon and earth are lined up

sequence of organization in a multicellular organism

cell, tissue, organ, organ-system, organism

A group of cells that work together to carry out a particular task (job) in an organism.

tissue

A group of tissues that perform a complex function (job) in a body. Examples: lung, heart, liver)

organ

A group of organs that work together to perform a certain task (job).

organ system

An organism made up of many cells.

many-celled organisms (multicellular)-

6 things all livings things do

1.Cellular Organization

Being composed of one or more cells which are the basic units of life

2. Grow and develope

grow bigger and change

3. reproduce

The production of offspring

4. respond to stimuli

Reacting to surroundings

5. maintain homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

6. use energy

A characteristic of life that all living things use energy to function.

Organization of Living Things

Every species has a scientific name thats a 2 parter

Examplle- Red Panda is Ailurus fulgens.

the first part of the name is =

second part of the name is=

1= genus name

2= species name

How are microscopes useful when learning about cells?

By using microscopes scientists were able to discover the existence of microorganisms, study the structure of cells, and see the smallest parts of plants, animals, and fungi. THEY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELL THEORY AKA HOW CELLS AND ALL LIVING THINGS ARE RELATED

which is more powerful? electron or light microscope

electron

what are cells mainly made of

water, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbs.

cells structure is specific to......

function cell has to preform

2 types of cells

prokaryotic and Eukaryotas

similarities between pro and euk cells

both have cell membranes, genetic material in them (DNA) and ribosomes (PROTEIN MAKERS).

difference between pro and euk cells.

euk. have membrane bound organelles such as the most famous one, THE NUCLEUS. Pro dont have membrane bound organelles so pro. dont have a nucleus. The nucleus holds the DNA in euk so its very organized. Pro also carry DNA but since they lack a nucleus, their DNA isn't as nicely organized.

types of cell organelles

if a cell has a certain function, it might have more of a certain type of organelle or a differnt type of organelle from another cell. EXAMPLE: Plant cells (euk) make sugar from sun. Have organelle chloroplast to do that something animal cells dont have.

THE TYPES OF ORGANELLES AND QUANTITY OF ORGANELLES CAN VARY SLIGHTLY BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELL FUNCTIONS.

cellular membrane

controls movement of stuff in and out of cell

cellular respiration

photosynthesis

What are the four major types of macromolecules, the large chains made of smaller molecules, that are key to cell function?

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids

Which type of macromolecule helps a cell break down food?

proteins

Which macromolecules are copied and pass genetic information to the new cells?

DNA aka nucleic acids

According to cell theory, what is the most basic unit of life?

cell

One example of a carbohydrate that stores energy is

a. sugar

b. hair

c. keratin

d. fat

sugar

are chloroplasts and cell walls part of animal cells

NO

key organelle of a cell that helps maintain homeostasis by releasing energy from cellular respiration. food molecules are broken down here and energy is released. "THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL"

mitochonidria

Mitosis in Unicellular Organisms

In unicelullar (single-celled) organisms, mitosis is a common and important form of asexual reproduction.

Mitosis in Multicellular Organisms

Multicellular organisms depend on mitosis for growth and repair.

Which subtances are a product of cellular respiration?

CO2, H20 AND ENERGY

diffusion vs osmosis

diffusion is the transportation of any molecule from higher concentrations to lower concentrations. Osmosis is diffusion of H2O molecules only through a membrane.

Skeletal body system

bone, cartilages, ligaments

supports, protects, stores mineral, produces blood cell

Respiratory body system

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, larynx, lungs

exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood in the lung

Endocrine body system

glands producing hormones:pituitary, adrenal, thyroid

secrets hormones regulating growth, reproduction, metabolism, and the use of nutrients

Cardiovascular body system

heart, blood, arteries, veins, capillaries

transport materials (oxygen,water, carbon dioxide,nutrients and waste), maintains body temperature

muscular body system

muscles; skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles

movement, body position, position balance, blood flow

digestive body system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pharynx, rectum

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste. The digestion of food relies on enzymes

nervous system

brain, nerves, spinal cord and other associated structures

relays messages, coordinates body functions, enables learning and memory

integumentary body system

skin, hair, nail

Protects tissue, regulates temperature, excretes water and salt, sends information to Nervous system, location of receptors

Circulatory System

Supplies the body with blood, nutrients, and O2 through a systems of vessels; works with many systems.

Which system of the body sends signals to involuntary muscles to perform various functions such as; digestion and heart rate?

nervous- ANYTHING THAT HS TO DO WITH SENDING SIGNALS IS NERVOUS

Excretory System

Removes liquid waste and helps maintain salt balance in the body

muscular, integumentary, circulatory systems all help maintain

HOMEOSTASIS

Which part of the human body provides the support that the cell walls provide in plants?

The skeletal system

how the human body responds in a cold environment?

The nervous system signals the muscles to contract and warm the body

skeletal system

bones in our body. If we didnt have bones we'd basically be walking jello

how many bones do we have approx?

200

what are bones made of

bone tissue and bone marrow

red bone marrow is where ____________ are made

red blood cells

yellow bone marrow

stores fat in bones