Biostats final

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31 Terms

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P-value

The probability of obtaining the data given the null hypothesis is true

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Standard Error

the standard deviation of estimates sampling distribution

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Sample (frequency) Distribution

the number of times each value occurs for a variable in a sample

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Sampling Distribution

The probability distribution of all values for an estimate that we might obtain when we sample a population

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Sampling Error

the difference between the estimate and population parameter do to chance

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Chi-Square Assumptions

1.no values below 1

2.no more than 20% of expected values should be less than 5

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accept null hypothesis

p-value less than .05

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reject null hypothesis

p-value greater than 0.05

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When to use Chi-squared test

test whether there are differences in proportions between two treatments

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Assumptions for ANVOA

1.Normality of Scores

2.Homogeneity

3.Independence of scores

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Parametric vs. Non parametric tests

parametric: strictly interval and ratio data- assume normal distribution

non-parametric: nominal and ordinal data- assume not normal distribution

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ANOVA Null hypothesis

the means of all the groups are equal

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How ANOVA works

assesses whether individuals from other groups are, on average, more different than individuals chosen from the same group

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When to use Shapiro-Wilkes

Used to test if the data is normally distributed. Used for linear regression to see if the residuals are normally distributed

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Mann-Whitney U test

non-parametric alternative test to test the independent sample t-test

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Student’s t-test

statistical test used to compare the means of data values of two populations

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Welches t-test

Two-sample t-test with unequal variances adjusts for very unequal variances assumes: normal populations, random, independent, equal sample sizes

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Kruskal-Wallis test

The non-parametric equivalent to the one-way ANOVA

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Simple Linear Regression

regression analysis involving one independent variable and one dependent variable in which the relationship between the variables is approximated by a straight line

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Multiple Linear Regression

A statistical method used to model the relationship between one dependent (or response) variable and two or more independent (or explanatory) variables by fitting a linear equation to observed data

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test statistics

A number calculated from the data that is used to evaluate how compatible the data are with the result expected under the null hypothesis.

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Probability distribution

A list of mathematical functions describing all the probabilities of mutually exclusive outcomes of a random trail or experiment.

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Null Distribution

A sampling distribution of the outcomes for a test statistic given that the null hypothesis is true.

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Standard normal distribution

A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

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Post hoc test

statistical procedure conducted after an ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to determine which specific group means are significantly different from each other.

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Null Hypothesis

a specific statement about a population parameter made for the purpose of argument.

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Alternative Hypothesis

includes all other feasible values for the population parameter besides the value stated in the null.

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Probability of an event

the proportion of times an event would happen if we repeated the same process continuously

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Probability Distribution

A list of mathematical functions describing all the probabilities of mutually exclusive outcomes of a random trail or experiment.

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Null Distribution

A sampling distribution of the outcomes for a test statistic given that the null hypothesis is true.

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Sampling Bias

systematic discrepancy between the estimate and the actual value caused by human error