Psych/ Soc Class 3

Impression Management

The process where we try to manage out own image by influencing the perception of others.

Dramaturgical Perspective

Front stage: What we present to others

Back stage: What we allow a select few to see

Self Concept/ Self Identity

All your beliefs about who you are as an individual

Includes: The personal identity and social identity

Self Schemas

Beliefs and ideas you have about yourself, they guide and organize the process of information that is relevant to you

Self-Efficacy

Your belief in how capable you are in doing something (task specific).

High: You believe you are capable

Low: You do NOT believe you are capable

Locus of Control

Whether you think you have control over what happens to you

Internal: You have control

External: You do NOT have control

Aversive control

behavior is motivated by the reality or threat of something unpleasant happening.

Escape Behavior

Termination of an unpredicted, unpleasant stimulus that has already occurred.

(Ex. Leaving a party early because your ex surprisingly showed up)

Avoidance Behavior

When you avoid an unpleasant stimulus before it is initiated

(Ex. Someone tells you your Ex will show up, then you leave or will hide in a bathroom if they are already there)

Social Learning Theory

Learning takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observation even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. (observational learning: we learn just by being around other people)

Vicarious Learning

Learning from watching someone else learn

Social Comparison Theory

We all have a drive to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing ourselves to others. Our identity is shaped by these comparisons and the types of reference groups we have.

Perspective Taking

The ability to understand the cognitive and affective aspects of another person’s point of view; also known as role-taking

Moral Identity

The degree to which being a moral person is important to a person’s identity

Moral Identity Stages: Pre-conventional

Young children, children, and sociopaths: Rules are obeyed to avoid punishment or for personal gain.

Moral Identity Stages: Conventional 

Adolescents and adults: Rules are obeyed for approval and to maintain social order.

Moral Identity Stages: Post-Conventional 

%15 of Adults: Impartial rules are obeyed, rules that infringe on OTHERS rights are challenged

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%0 of Adults: Individual establishes own set of rules in accordance with universal ethical principles.

Social Facilitation Effect

Tendency of performance to improve for simple, well-ingrained tasks. Social facilitation tends to not occur for novel, complex tasks.

De-individuation (Mob Mentality)

In situation where there is a high degree of arousal and low degree of personal responsibility, we lose out individual identity and align with the group behavior. (Diffusion of responsibility)

Bystander Effect

Most people are less likely to help a victim when other people are present.

Social Loafing

When people work in a group, each person is likely to exert less individual effort than if they were working independently.

Groupthink

When group dynamic/ tendency leads too dysfunctional, uninformed, and/or pressured decision making; often related to conflict avoidance.

Group Polarization

When group agreement causes the preexisting views of group members to intensify - that is, the average view of a member of the group is accentuated, or moves toward ONE pole.

(NOT when a group becomes more divided on an issue)

Conformity

When individuals adjust their behavior or thinking based on the behavior or thinking of others (to match or fit in)

Obedience

When individuals yield to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure.

Attribution Theory

People do things because of how they are as a person, for ourselves we think it has less to do with us (we have a reason)

Dispositional Attribution

Internal causes: personality, character

Situational Attribution

External causes: the situation caused something

Actor-observer bias

You are the person act out and are seeing yourself acting out. You tend to give yourself the benefit of the doubt (you don’t think you were a jerk in a situation)

Self-serving bias

When you attribute success to yourself but failure to outside yourself or others.

Optimism Bias

Bad things may happen to others but not me, I am fine.

Just World Belief

Bad things happen to people based off their own actions.

Fundamental Attribution Error

We attribute another persons behavior to their personality.

Ultimate Attribution Error

Someone is in your group or not and that determines how you think of them.

Ultimate Attribution Error: In Group Member

Good Behavior: Result of their personality (internal attribution)

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Bad Behavior: Believe to be rare, and exception to the rule (external attribution)

Ultimate Attribution Error: Out Group Member

Good Behavior: Uncommon circumstances or an exception to the rule (external attribution)

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Bad Behavior: Flaw in that person’s character or personality (internal attribution)

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Something happens because you expect it, so you act in a way that makes it happen.

Stereotype threat/ boost

When a group is told they are at risk of doing worse/ better, the outcome usually shows this.

Persuasion (Three Parts)

Message: What is being said, logic, arguments, complexity, etc.

Source: Who is saying it and their characteristics

Target: Who is listening and their characteristics

Elaboration Likelihood Model

The likelihood of someone thinking about something in a particular way (Depends on the audience)

Central route: people pay attention to the message itself

Peripheral route: people focus on things that are not the point (if they like your hair, if they had lunch that day, etc.)

Foot in the Door Technique

Ask for something small (they say yes) and then keep asking for bigger and bigger things.

\-Give a mouth a cookie

Door in the Face Technique

Ask for something large, over the top, then ask for something smaller afterwards

\-Bartering

Low Ball Technique

Getting someone to agree to something at a low cost, then increasing the cost

Ingratiation Technique

Gaining compliance by gaining personal approval from an individual first

Norm of reciprocity

We are more likely to comply with a request from someone who has done us a favor in the past

Harry and Margaret Harlow

Studied how monkey’s bond and are social creatures much like humans.

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\-Blanket experiment with the surrogate wire bothers vs the ones with cloth covering.

Mary Ainsworth

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Attachment Styles in children

Securely Attached

**Securely Attached**: toddlers happily explore their surroundings while mother is present, cry when she leaves but consoled upon her return.

\-Have sensitive and responsive care givers

Insecurely Attached

**Insecurely Attached:**

Ambivalent

Avoidant

Disorganized

\-Have insensitive and inconsistently responsive caregivers

Ambivalent Attachment

**Ambivalent Attachment:** conflicted, when mother leaves toddler cries but is inconsolable once she returns. May cling to mother and hit her at the same time.

Avoidant Attachment

**Avoidant Attachment:** toddler is indifferent to mothers absence. Psychological data shows that the toddler does in fact experience stress.

Disorganized

**Disorganized Attachment**: toddler cannot predict the mothers behavior, so the child’s behavior is unpredictable

Mores

Strictly enforced rules that govern moral and ethical conduct within society

Folkways

Customs within a culture that carry no great moral significance

Law

An explicit rule that is enforced by an official agency

Taboo

Norms that, when violated, result in extreme disgust