Animal Science Exam 3

genus and species for chickens

gallus domestica

genus and species for turkeys

meleagris galioparo

poultry def

large variety of domestic birds

what are the 4 categories of poultry

chickens, turkey, ducks, and geese

how much do poultry account for cash receipts?

26.9% cash receipts

in 25 states, poultry is the top __ commodities

5

how much does the US produce of eggs

8%

how much does the US produce of poultry meat

18%

who is the largest chicken meat producer in the world

USA

how much does the US produce of turkey meat

47%

out of $249.6 Billion total receipts, how much are poultry and eggs?

$67%

how many states have a yearly gross revenue over 1 Billion

16 states

how many states have at least 500 Million in gross revenue

6 states

what industry has lead the way in technology break throughs

broiler industry

how much does the US supply of eggs yearly

95 Billion

how many eggs are consumed fresh

70%

how many eggs are used in other products

30%

what was the primary goal of producing large amounts of poultry

to produce an inexpensive source of protein for human consumption

what type of gastric system do poultry have

monogastric (efficient converters and require high energy feeds)

compared to pork how much protein does poultry produce

roughly 1.6 times

compared to beef how much protein does poultry produce

roughly 2.9 times

industry ranking by size

1. chicken

2. turkey

3. duck

how many ducks are raised per year in the US

28 Million

when were birds domesticated

1400 BC

when was chicken wire invented

1874

when was an artificial light for egg production invented

1889

when was the class standards for chickens invented

1923

when was AI for chickens used/invented

1935

when was vertical integration for chickens primarily used

1940

broiler

a chicken of either sex produced for meat (slaughtered at 6 weeks)

roaster

young chicken produced for meat (slaughtered 12-16 weeks)

game hen

a standard meat chicken packaged at a smaller size 

pullet

young non laying female chicken

poult

young turkey

broiler industry

highly integrated, corporate owners

where is the broiler industry primarily located

in the southeastern states

how many broilers are produced in 20 states

about 93%

egg industry

occurs in large houses (controlled environments and very concentrated)

why is the egg industry more dispersed

less processing and they are fresh/sell better

how many layers does the US have 

340 Million

how many eggs are produced per year

about 97 Billion 

who is the number one state for eggs

Georgia

how many turkeys are in a normal operation

50-75 K

who is the leading producer for turkey

Minnesota

how much turkey meat was exported in 2023

455 Million lbs (roughly 240 Million birds)

class

a group of breeds originating from the same geogrpahic area

what are the four classes

1. american

2. british

3. mediterranean

4. asiatic

breeds

birds having a common origin with specifc characteristics

variety

subdivision of breed distinguished by color, pattern, etc

strain

families or breeding pops within a breed

bandtum

miniature of a full breed

tom

mature male turkey

hen

mature female turkey/chicken

what association maintains standards and recognizes over 500 breeds

American Poultry Association (APA)

what are common comercial breeds

1. single comb white leghorn

2. RI red

3. barred PR

4. NH white PR

5. cornish

how many days for eggs once placed in the incubator

4-7 days

incubation period of chickens

21 days

incubation period of turkeys

28 days

how many eggs do commercial chickens lay

300 eggs per year

mass mating

several mates run with flock of hens

pen mating

one male used in small flack of hens

stud mating

one male mated to one female

AI

used more in turkeys than chickens

egg collection

needs to be collected daily and should be moved to incubators asap

why can eggs be stored up to 10 at controlled temps and humidity

the cuticle protects the eggs from bacteria entering the pores

when was peak consumption of eggs

1945 (405 eggs per year)

when was lowest consumption of eggs

1991 (233 eggs)

rickets

abnormal bone development

• young meat birds

  • deficiency in vitamin d, Ca, P

osteoporosis

weakening of bones

• older laying hens

fowl cholera

chronic

• weight loss, decreased appetite, torticollis, pneumonia

acute

• sudden death

Prevention is key since antimicrobials have minimal success

mycoplasmosis

respiratory infections

• morbidity high, mortality low

• sneezing, discharge, difficulty breathing

antibiotics only help mildly

mareks disease

strain of herpes and highly contagious

• paralysis, tumors, nerve enlargement

• treatment but no cure

spread by dander

new castle disease

sever, systematic and fatal

1. velogenic- highly virulent, found in Asia, Africa, Mexico, and Middle east

2. lentogenic- low virulence, found in US and Canada

causes mishappen eggs, torticollis, lethargy, diarrhea, weight loss, etc

NO CURE

vaccines are successful

avian influenza (HPAI)

• asian strand

• zoonotic, multiple organ failure, respiratory distress

  • sudden death neurological abnormalities

avian influenza (LPAI)

• world wide

• sneezing, lethargy, decreased egg production

• often remains subclinical

most countries restrict vaccines