APUSH Chapter 5 review (1844-1877)

Manifest Destiny

The American tendency to expand into the West. A holy mission for many.

California Gold Rush

Gold rush

Preemption Act

Large plots of land were sold for cheap, as long as you farmed/inhabited the land.

Annexation of Texas

Americans in Mexico-owned Texas. Sam Houston led a revolt, claiming Texas as an independent state

Battle of San Jacinto

Houston captured the Mexican general, and forced him to sign a treaty for Texas independence. Polk annexed Texas.

Mexican American War

Causes:

• Annexation of Texas

• Zachary Taylor’s unit was killed on the border

Results:

• the US won, gaining California and New Mexico

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Effects:

• Tensions over slave states increased!

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

1. Rio Grande river is the border of Texas

2. Mexico gave California and NM for $15 mill

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed that any land gained from the war be free. Rejected

Free Soil party

Argued against slavery, because poor whites couldn’t compete with slave labor. There were abolitionists too

Henry Clay - Compromise of 1850

• Utah and NM from war would be popular sovereignty

• California would be a free state

• Stricter fugitive slave law would be enforced in the south

Know-nothing party

tried to decrease influence of immigrants

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

Harriet Beecher Stow wrote in graphic detail about the horrors of slavery

Frederick Douglas

Famous abolitionist

Underground Railroads

trails and safe houses for escaping slaves heading north.

John Brown - Raid of Harpers Ferry (1859)

Captured an armory full of weapons, leading a slave rebellion, before Robert E. Lee stopped him.

Led to the South being threatened by the North’s abolitionist movement

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)

Kansas and Nebraska territories would be split up, both use popular sovereignty. Led to Bleeding Kansas

Dredd Scott Decision (1857)

Essentially spread slavery to all states, and prevented slaves from suing in court.

Formation of new parties:

• Democratic Party (regional, proslavery)

  • Republican Party (conscience whigs, abolitionists, free-soilers, some know-nothings, etc.)

    * Most Republicans didn’t necessarily want abolition. Rather, they wanted to stop the SPREAD of slavery so poor whites could have better opportunities. The south saw this as a threat to their entire economy.

Election of 1860

The Republicans (Lincoln) won, and the South started to secede.

First battle of Bull Run

Union troops attacked the confederates, who brought reinforcements.

Showed both sides that the war wouldn’t be quick.

Union strategy for the war

• Anaconda plan (use superior navy to block off ports, suffocate the economy)

• War of attrition

Southern strategy for the war

King Cotton. Believed that Britain relied solely on Southern cotton, so they could ally with them. However, Britain could get cotton from Egypt.

Emancipation Proclamation (1862)

Lincoln freed all slaves in rebelling unions.

Changed the purpose of war to freedom fight

Battle of Vicksburg

Biggest turning point in the War. Grant got the Mississippi, and split the South in two

Appomatox court house (1865)

Lee formally surrenders.

Gettysburg Address(1863)

Lincoln tries to unify the nation, and portray the struggle against slavery as a fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals

Reconstruction

• Started with Lincoln’s 10% plan, where 10% of electorate had to pledge loyalty (being nice to south)

• Andrew Johnson becomes P, and is bad at continuing Lincoln’s legacy.

• Black codes and Sharecropping revert southern society

• 14th amendment (equal protection under the law)

  • Reconstruction acts of 1867 (federal troop occupation for enforcement)

Reconstruction continued

• 15th amendment - Voting rights. Women wanted them too, didn’t get them

• National Women suffrage association (didn’t like 15th)

• American women suffrage association (did like 15th)

Compromise of 1877

• Democrats give presidential win to the Republicans

• All federal troops must be removed from the south

• End of Reconstruction!